The Independent 1907-10-24: Vol 63 Iss 3073

A RE ae RR RDN He me ee eo

October 24, 1907

Oc 25°97 at
SURVEY OF THE WORLD
Governor Hughes’s Political Attitude—Mr. Bryan aad the New York

Papers—Secretary Talt’s Address to the Philippine Assembly—The
Brownsville Cartridges—End of the Peace Conference—The Campaign

Against the Howse of Lords—Transatlantic Wireless Telegraphy

(a # @

Graphics of the Voice . .
The Closed Door (Poem).
October on the Hills ..
Good Men in the Philippines
The Dragon City (Poem) .
Two Weeks in China
The Open Shop .
Dress Reform in Germany .
Climb Down (Poem)

ut

EDITORIALS:
The United States in World Polftics
The People and the Rabble
The Congregationalists and Union
The Philtpptoe Assembly
Railroad Officers’ Opinions
Japan aod America

ts SH

E. W. SCRIPTURE
GRACE DENIO LITCHFIELD
- E. P, POWELL
A. L. PITCHER
IVAN SWIFT
- J. H. DeFOREST
A. J. PORTENAR
- MINNA CAUER
WILL ATKINSON

° * *

7. * *

BOOK REVIEWS:
American Legislatures
Greatness and Decline of Rome
Social Life in Virginia
Robert E. Lee
Wiid Antmal Celebrities
The Algeciras Conference

Insurance, Financial, Etc,

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VOL. LXIIIT NEW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1907

No. 3073

Entered at the New York Post Office as second-class mail matter.

Survey of the World

. Mr. Roosevelt’s two weeks of
oro hunting in the Louisiana cane-

brake ended on the 19th, and on
the 21st he left Stamboul, La., for Vicks-
burg. On the 17th he killed a black bear
weighing about 400 pounds, at the end
of a four hours’ chase. This was done by
one good shot at a distance of about sixty
yards, It was reported by the Asso-

ciated Press that Mr. Bryan, in an ad-

dress delivered at Richmond on the 11th,
said:

“All the great metropolitan newspapers are
controlled by the Trusts, and their columns
are open to the highest bidder.” | |
He was promptly asked by the New York
World to prove this. Replying briefly by
telegraph, he asserted that he had said
“many,”’.not “all,” of the metropolitan
papers. In a later telegram, on the 18th,
he remarked that he had been misquoted,
and added the following statement:

“A great many of the big daily papers are
owned or controlled by Trusts and corpora-
tions. Their editors are but tools in the hands
of schemers. They chloroform the people,
telling them things are all right, while the
Trusts come along and pick their pockets.
These editors are but the mouthpieces of the
great Trusts, and they write what they are
told to write by those who would fleece the
people. I will explain in my New York
speech.”

He is about to make a series of speeches
in the State of New York. Some think
his aim is to gain popular support for his
candidacy. Mr. Conners, chairman of the
New York Democratic committee, says
that the delegates from the State in next
year’s national convention will be in-
structed to vote for Lieutenant-Governor
Chanler, who was elected on the Hearst
ticket to the office he now holds, altho

Mr. Hughes, the Republican nominee,
defeated Mr. Hearst in the contest for
the office of Governor. In that campaign
there was a fusion of the Democrats with
the Hearst party (the Independence
League), but now (for the approaching
election), there is a fusion, in the greater
part of the City of New York, of the Re-
publicans with the Hearst party. This
alliance, made by Mr. Parsons, chairman
of the Republican County Committee,
and a intimate friend of President
Roosevelt, affects several candidates for
the bench, about half of the candidates
nominated for the Legislature and the
nominee for the office of Sheriff. By a
considerable number of Republicans it is
not approved.—In his recent public ad-
dresses Mr. Bryan has opposed the Pres-
ident’s recommendations as to the regula-
tion of corporations by national author-
ity, and in the South he has commended
such action as was taken by the Governor
of North Carolina in the case of the
Southern Railroad Company. Speaking
in the Young Men’s Christian Associa-
tion’s building at St. Louis, and referring
to some of the gifts made by wealthy men
to educational and religious institutions,
he said: “I hope the time is near when
people will refuse to sell their respect-
ability to great criminals in return for
blood money.” Secretary Taft, at a
banquet in Manila on the rgth, said: “I
hope in another two years to visit Manila
again, but then I shall probably come as
a private citizen.” There are many
indications that the eligibility of Gover-
nor Hughes for the Republican presi-
dential nomination is under consideration
outside of his own State. He has stead-

THE INDEPENDENT

fastly refused to assist or countenance
any movement in behalf of his possible
candidacy. At a dinner of the Republi-
can Club in New York City, on the 18th,
after defining his views as to the control
and regulation of corporations and point-
ing out the aims of his administration,
he said:

“To avoid any possibility of misapprehen-
sion regarding my own course I may say this
further word: I do not seek any public office.
The majority of people doubtless think that
the distinction and power of office are an
irresistible attraction. To me public office
means a burden of responsibility—a burden
of incessant toil at times almost intolerable—
which under honorable conditions and at the
command of the people it may be a duty and
even a pleasure to assume, but is far from
being an object of ambition. I have not
sought, nor shall I seek, directly or indirectly,
to influence the selection or the vote of any
delegate to any convention, and with reference
to the action of any delegate to any conven-
tion there will be no suggestion or thought
of influence, protest or reprisal in the Execu-
tive Chamber.”

He did not aim, he also remarked, to be
a party.boss, but wanted simply to be
Governor during his term.

&

Rebating Under It is asserted by Inter-
the New Law sate Commerce _Com-

missioner Franklin K.
Lane that the Southern Pacific Railroad
Company, of which E. H. Harriman is
president, has repeatedly violated the
Hepburn Rate law by giving -re-
bates, and that the record of these vio-
lations comes down to the 24th day of
last month. All the indictments hereto-
fore found against railroad companies
and shippers have been for violations of
the Elkins law, an older statute, in
which no prison penalty is provided.
But the new law provides for punish-
ment by imprisonment as well as S fine.
Mr. Lane has been making an investiga-
tion for the Commission at San Fran-
cisco, where testimony was taken at pub-
lic hearings, which do not appear to
have been noticed in news dispatches
from that city. On the 14th inst. he
returned to Washington, and there the
substance of his discoveries was given
to the press. “We found in the South-
ern Pacific office,” he said, “a list of pre-
ferred shippers, who paid but a propor-
tion of the published rate upon State
shipments. This list included many of

the largest and most important manu-
facturing firms. We also found twenty
books, which had accumulated since the
fire of last year, and which showed spe-
cial rebates. There were several thou-
sand entries: These refunds in all
amounted to about $500,000 during the
last year.” A large majority of them
relate to traffic within the State, as to
which the existence of a secret rebate
system was admitted by officers of the
company ; but there was also evidence of
rebating on shipments between Cali-
fornia and other States. Press dis-
patches say that Auditor C. B. Seger
testified that the rebate accounts were
kept in a separate set of books by two
confidential clerks. They also assert
that among the concerns receiving re-
bates were the Colorado Fuel and Iron
Company, the Union Ice Company, Cali-
fornia Sugar Company, California Pine
Box Company and Associated Oil Com-
pany. The amounts paid are published
as taken from the books. Demand for
these books was resisted, but, under the
provisions of the new law, they could
not be withheld. They relate only to
transactions since the time of the’ earth-
quake and fire, when the company’s
books -for previous years were destroyed.
It is shown in them that rebates were
paid up to September 24, the date of the
investigation. It is stated that G. W.
Luce, an officer, offered himself as a
witness, apparently with the purpose of
acquiring immunity, and that Mr. Lane
would not accept him. Shippers who
had received rebates made similar offers,
some of which were accepted. The evi-
dence will be submitted to the Depart-
ment of Justice. Mr. Harriman asserted
recently that rebating had ceased on all
the roads with which he was connected.
He now says that Commissioner Lane’s
statements are false and absurd, declar-
ing again that there has been no wilful
payment of rebates on the Southern Pa-
cific, and remarking that “some mem-
bers of the Commission are seeking noto-
riety.” Whereupon Mr. Lane says that
if Mr. Harriman is willing to assume
responsibility by admitting that he has
knowledge of all that has been done on
the Southern Pacific, the admission may
prove troublesome when the records in
the case reach him and he reads the evi-

SURVEY OF THE WORLD

dence——On the 11th, in San Fran-
cisco, three additional indictments for
rebating (under the old law) were
found against the Southern Pacific and
two against the Pacific Mail Steamship
Company. These supplement the indict-
ments found on September 27. In all,
there are between 300 and 400 counts.
——In the case of the Atchison, Topeka
& Santa Fé Railroad Company, convicted
at Los Angeles on the 11th of rebating,
the fine may be anywhere from $66,000
to $1,320,000. The District Attorney
vave notice that he should ask the grand
jury to indict the company’s counsel,
Thomas J. Norton, because the latter
had given the free use of a car on the
road to an agent employed to procure
witnesses for the defense.

&

Secretary Taft arrived
at Manila on the 15th,
and was received with
many expressions of respect and affec-
tionate regard. In the harbor there was
a parade of water craft in his honor, led
by Governor Smith and General Wood.
On the 16th he formally opened the new
Philippine Assembly, making a long ad-
dress. At a caucus held on the 13th, the
members had decided, by a majority of
one vote, that there should be no prayer
at the opening exercises, but this de-
cision appears to have been reconsidered,
for prayer was offered by Bishop Barlin,
the only native Catholic bishop in the
islands. At the beginning of his ad-
dress, the Secretary said:

“President Roosevelt has sent me to convey
to all Filipinos congratulations upon another
step in the enlargement of self-government.
His message is intended for every Assembly-
man, irrespective of their views in the elec-
toral campaign. It assumes loyalty and does
not assume that he may not have the wish
to bring about peaceably a transfer of sov-

ereignty, but assumes that while the present
Government endures he will uphold its author-

Secretary Taft
in the Philippines

ity.

“I am expected to say something about the
policy of the United States toward the islands,
but I cannot speak authoritatively, because the
power to direct the Government is vested in

the Congress. The National Administration’s
avowed policy under President McKinley and
President Roosevelt has been and is to govern
the islands, safeguarding the interests and
welfare of the Filipinos, and by the spread of
general primary and industrial education and
the practice o rtial political control, to fit
the people to maintain a stable government.

“As this policy of extending control con-
tinues it must logically result finally in ending
the sovereignty of the United States unless
both people agree to retain the bond, owing to
mutually beneficial trade relations. None can
anticipate the period or process of political
preparation. a

“During my last visit I was of the opinion

that it would take considerably longer than a
generation. My views remain unchanged. We
are engaged in a great experiment that no
other nation has attempted. Hence it would
be unwise to fix a period when the experiment
must succeed. Our Philippines policy has
been widely criticised by some as too hasty
and as too foolishly confident in the capacity
of the Filipinos, resulting in the so-called dis-
astrous result of the elections. Others de-
mand the immediate granting of self-govern-
ment.”
In the States, he continued, there had
been a strong minority party .“denounc-
ing our policy, expressing sympathy with
armed enemies and aspiring to make the
islands independent.” This opposition
had prolonged the war and afterward
had retarded the development of gov-
ernment in the islands. He expressed a
hope that Congress at its coming session
would enact a compromise measure ad-
mitting Philippine sugar and tobacco
free of duty, but limiting the quantity in
order that the fears of those opposing
free admission might be allayed. He
advised the Assembly to provide for
permanent tenure and retirement on pen-
sion in the civil service. The report that
our Government contemplated a sale of
the islands was, he declared, utterly
without foundation.

“Those crediting this report misunderstand
the motives of the American people. A ma-
jority of our people still favor our altruistic
policy concerning the islands. Our obligations
present only two alternatives, either the per-
manent maintenance of popular government
under American control or giving control to
the Filipinos when they are fitted for it. I be-
lieve the Assembly is a logical step in Presi-
dent McKinley’s policy, and that it is not radi-
cal. Critics say that the results of the election
indicate excessive haste. I differ with them.
The small vote indicates indifference or timid-
ity, but it does not support the assumption
that as the Assembly proves its usefulness the
electorate will not increase.”

It was true that a majority of the mem-
bers elected stood for immediate inde-
pendence, but this was a result which he
had regarded as possible when he was
urging the creation of the Assembly. If
it indicated that the majority were irre-
concilables, obstructing the Government,

964

this would be discouraging, but he was
confident that the majority desired the
Government to exist for the benefit of the
Filipinos and in this were really con-
servative:

“T have been reported as coming to express

bitter and threatening words on account of the
election, Nothing could be more false. I am
filled with a spirit of friendliness and en-
couragement. You will properly study public
economy in the numerous bureaus, but I hope
that utility functions will be thoroly investi-
gated. It would be wise to prepare a recom-
mendation to Congress concerning the cus-
toms. As you conduct your proceedings and
shape legislation on patriotic, conservative, in-
telligent and useful lines you will show ca-
pacity to participate in the Government.
Finally, upon you falls the responsibility for
achieving success and bringing a greater ex-
tension of political power, or, thru neglect and
obstruction, of requiring the confiscation of
your existing powers because they were pre-
maturely granted.”
Sergio Osmena, Nationalist, formerly
Governor of Cebu, was elected Sp-aker,
or President, the nomination having been
made by Manuel Quezon, Governor of
Tayabas, and seconded by Dominador
Gomez, the radical from Manila. On the
following day, Governor Smith’s message
was read before the Commission and the
Assembly in joint session, and a commit-
tee representing both bodies adopted a
resolution thanking the people oi the
United States for the creation of the As-
sembly. The Commission has provided
for a permanent Public Utilities Commis-
sion of three persons, empowered to ad-
just, increase or reduce the rates of any
of the public utility companies doing busi-
ness in the islands. Addresses made by
Dr. Brent, the Episcopal Bishop of the
Philippines, now in this country, show
that he thinks the Assembly was created
before the people were ready for it.

Sd

' Curious evidence con-

The maga cerning the Browns-
~~ ville affray has been
submitted to the War Department in a
report from Brigadier-General Crozier,
Chief of Ordnance. Having ascertained
by experiment that a discharged car-
tridge could be connected with the. rifle
from which it had been fired by a micro-
scopical examination of the character-
istic markings on the surface of the car-
tridge shell, he caused further experi-
ments to be made with the shells of the

THE INDEPENDENT

cartridges fired at Brownsville’and with
the rifles of the negro battalion. It was
found that, of the 39 cartridge shells, or
cases, in evidence, 11 had been fired
from one and the same rifle, 11 more
from another rifle, 8 from a third and
3 from a fourth; also, that the shells in
the first three of these groups had been
fired from “three rifles belonging to
Company B, Twenty-fifth Infantry [the
negro company], and that those of the
fourth group had probably been fired
from another of the rifles in the same
company.” Examination of the bullets
recovered and placed in evidence showed
that they were “United States model of
1898 or 1903,” and that they had been
“fired from either the United States
model of 1808 rifle, or from United
States model of 1903 rifle, and from no
other.” Brigadier-General Crozier re-
marks that “the bearing of these facts

upon the identity of persons doing the
firing is not a concern” of his bureau.
The experiments and examinations were
made at the Springfield Armory.

a

Among the witnesses
testifying last week in
the Oil Trust suit was
William G. Rockefeller, the son of Wil-
liam Rockefeller, and the treasurer of
the Standard Oil Company of New
York, who explained the loaning of
$32,761,000 to outside interests in 1906
by saying that the company was accus-
tomed to loan about $20,000,000 a year
to Wall Street houses, and additional
sums to individuals. He was questioned
concerning a loan of $7,630,044 to
Theodore N. Barnsdall, of Pittsburg,
and he said the money had been ad-
vanced to Barnsdall on collateral con-
sisting of the stock of oil companies in
West Virginia, Pennsylvania and other
States. At the borrower’s request, the
company had collected the income of
these concerns and applied it to the debt.
Barnsdall was involved in a controversy,
last year, with the Interior Department
concerning oil lands in Indian Territory.
It appears that he has desired to be re-
garded as an independent producer, not
in alliance with the Standard. Since this
testimony was given he has said to the
press that he is an independent and al-
ways has been one. He borrowed the

The Oil Trust

money from the Standard, he says, for
the development of oil lands in Kansas
and Texas, and for the formation of a
corporation which has acquired several
oil companies elsewhere. No progress
was made in tracing the loans charged
against P. S. Trainor and James Mc-
Donald. Trainor has testified that he
did not receive the $20,000,000 entered
against his name and that he knows
nothing about the matter. Mr. Rocke-
feller failed to throw any light on the
subject. As director in the Southern Pipe
Line Company he could not explain that
company’s loans of $4,509,000 and $2,-
602,000 to Trainor. It was admitted by
officers of subsidiary companies that it
had been the custom of the Standard to
buy independent companies and operate
them ostensibly as independents, and that
movable companies not openly connected
with the Standard had been used by it
for killing competition.
st

On October 17th

the Marconi Com-

pany opened com-
mercial communication across the At-
lantic from Glacé Bay, Nova Scotia, to
Clifden, Ireland. The first message was
transmitted from Sir Wilfrid Laurier,
.Premier of Canada, and afterward mes-
sages were exchanged between King
Edward VII and Lord Grey, and con-
gratulations were received from Privy
Councillor Baron Avebury, formerly
Sir John Lubbock; M. Clemenceau,
Premier of France; the Duke of Argyll;
Field - Marshal Viscount Wolseley;
Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate; Sir Nor-
man Lockyer; Lord Kelvin, and many
other distinguished persons. Altogether
during the first day thirteen thousand
words were transmitted thru the ether
to Europe, and over two thousand words
received from the other side. The ap-
paratus worked satisfactorily, and there
was no difficulty in receiving the signals.
The Continental Morse code was used,
and the electric waves sent out from
bronze wires strung between four
wooden towers, 215 feet in hight. The
messages are received at the station
across the Atlantic practically at the
same time they are sent, for the electric
wave travels with the speed of light,
186,400 miles per second. The first un-

Transatlantic
Wireless Telegraphy

- SURVEY OF THE WORLD 065

mistakable signals, the transmission of the
letter “S,” three dots, across the Atlantic
from the Poldhu station in Cornwall,
England, to St. John, N. F., was effected
on December 12th, 1901, and a year later
the Marconi station at Glacé Bay, Cape
Breton, was able to send across its first
messages, thus demonstrating the fact
that the rotundity of the earth does not
interfere with the passage of the waves
thru the ether. Lord Kelvin secured the
distinction of sending the first commer-
cial telegram when in July, 1898, he in-
sisted upon paying a shilling for the
transmission of his message by wireless
from Alum Bay to Bournemouth, about
fourteen miles. There are now over fif-
teen hundred and fifty stations engaged
in regular transmission of wireless mes-
sages. A classification of these stations
may be made approximately as follows:
Commercial land stations, 195; merchant
vessels, 170; lighthouses and other Gov-
ernment stations, 150; naval installa-
tions, 670; military portable stations, 55;
experimental stations, 310. The United
States Signal Corps has maintained for
four years wireless communication
across Norton Sound in Alaska. Dur-
ing this time there has never been a day
when the service was interrupted, and
the speed is as high as that ordinarily ob-
tained in telegraphy by wire. More than
a million words a year are sent, and at
times a rate of thirty-three words a
minute has been maintained for an hour.

&
Endofthe ‘fter sitting continu-
Peace. Conference ously for eighteen
weeks The Hague

Conference ended last week, Friday. On
Wednesday, the ninth Plenary Session
was held, during which, first, thirty-eight
votes were recorded in favor of the proj-
ect for the establishment of the Interna-
tional High Court of Justice, while Bel-
gium, Denmark, Greece, Rumania, Swit-
zerland and Uruguay abstained from
voting. Thus the Court is accepted unani-
mously in principle, but it will not go into
effect until the nations thru the channels
of diplomacy determine upon some way
of selecting the judges. Second, the fol-
lowing report of obligatory arbitration
was adopted:

The Conference unanimously favors:
(1) The principle of obligatory arbitration,

THE INDEPENDENT

(2) That certain differences, especially those
regarding the interpretation and application of
conventional clauses, are susceptible to being
submitted to obligatory arbitration without
restriction.

The Conference unanimously proclaims that
while a convention on the subject was not
concluded, the differences of opinion had more
of a juridical character, as all the states of
the world, in working together for four
months, not only learned to know each other
better by getting closer together, but devel-
oped during this long collaboration high ideals
for the common welfare.

Third, the Porter proposition that no
nation shall coilect debts from another na-
tion until after arbitration received the
approval of thirty-nine nations, with only
five abstentions. Baron D’Estournelles
de Constant then proposed that all the
countries represented at the Conference
contribute appropriate works of art to be
used in Mr. Carnegie’s Palace of Peace,
and this was adopted by acclamation. On
Friday the Conference practically came to
an end, and by the adoption of the follow-
ing resolutions :

“The Second International Peace Confer-
ence, first proposed by the President of the
United States, having been, through the
invitation of his Majesty the Emperor of all
the Russias, convoked by her Majesty the
Queen of the Netherlands, met June 15, 1907,
at The Hague, in the Hall of Knights, with
the mission to further develop the humani-
tarian principles which were the basis of the
work of the first Conference.

“In a series of sittings from June 15 to
October 18, in which the delegates were con-
stantly animated by a desire to meet the in-
tentions of the initiator of the Conference as
well as those of the governments participating,
the following conventions were agreed upon
for the signature of the plenipotentiaries :

“t. The peaceful regulation of international
conflicts.

“2. Providing for an
court.

“3. Regulating the rights and duties of neu-
trals on land.

“4. Regulating the rights and duties of neu-
trals at sea.

“5. Covering

international prize

the

laying of submarine

ines.
“6. The bombardment of towns from the

“7 The matter of the collection of con-
tractual debts.

“8. The transformation of merchantmen
into warships.

“9. The treatment of captured crews.

“to. The inviolability of fishing boats.

“tr, The inviolability of the postal service.

“12, The application of the Geneva Conven-
tion and the Red Cross to sea warfare; and

“13. The laws and customs regulating land
warfare.

“The right to sign these conventions will be
open until June 30, 1908.”

M. Nelidorff, the president of the Con-
ference, made a long speech in which he
reviewed what had been done and the re-
sults obtained :

“While superior considerations,” he said,
“such as the good of humanity in general,
must undoubtedly guide delegates at such a
Conference, they must also keep in view the
objects of those who direct the governments,
the interests of which are often opposed to the
interests of other countries. The efforts of
the Conference have tended to harmonize
these interests.”

Then, after detailing what had been done,
and thanking all those who collaborated
with him, he ended by saying:

At one of our recent sittings thanks were
expressed to the august initiator of the two
conferences, his Majesty the Emperor of
Russia, The conference, I hope, will to-day
render homage to the President of the United
States, who first proposed the meeting of the
second conference, by authorizing me to send
him the following telegram:

“The delegates to the second peace confer-
ence having finished their work, and remem-
bering with gratitude the initial proposition
made for its convocation by the President of
the United States, present to him their respect-
ful homage.” ;

Many among us will meet again here some
years from now. I, among others, shall not
be present, but I hope that in working on the
continuation of our task you will remember
with sympathy our collaboration, and some-
times kindly remember him who has had the
honor of presiding over your deliberations,
and is animated by the most sincere wishes
for the success of future conferences and the
growing development of solidarity in interna-
tional relations, based on justice and the law.
[It is to be noted that from this speech
President Nelidoff evidently expects
there is to be more than a Third Confer-
ence.]_ When he had finished, the repre-
sentatives of the Dutch Government, and
Sir Edward Fry, of Great Britain, the
dean of the delegates, made addresses,
as well as many of the other delegates.
The European press generally takes the
view that the Peace Conference as a
whole has been a fiasco, and as one cor-
respondent writes, “faint applause from
the stalls and persistent poohing from the
galleries have followed the fall of the cur-
tain upon the Hague Conference.” It
is said that nearly $3,000,000 has been
expended by delegates at The Hague, of
which over $500,000 was spent for 317
official dinners, of which those given by
Senior Barboza, of Brazil, were the most

SURVEY OF THE WORLD

expensive, the flowers alone representing
an item of $2,000. The telegraph tolls
amounted to $225,000, and more than
1,000,000 words of press matter concern-
ing the Conference were sent out. The
Dutch Government spent $112,580 as host
of the Conference, and the longest speech
made in plenary session was by Joseph H.
Choate on the inviolability of private
property at sea, which contained 11,736
words. It was delivered in English.
Sefior Barboza, however, holds the first
place as to the number of speeches de-
livered. .

: .... The Prime Minis-
The Campaign Against ter, Sir Henry

the House of Lords Campbell . ioe

nerman, opened the campaign by a speech
in Edinburgh on October 5th at a large
meeting held under the auspices of the
Scottish Liberal Association. He began
by outlining the good work that had been
done by the Government in foreign and
colonial affairs, in practically giving plen-
ary self-government to the Transvaal, in
introducing the people of India into coun-

cils concerning their own affairs, and in
arranging frontier questions in Asia with
Russia, then he contrasted the failure of
the legislation which had been impeded

by the House of Lords. “We see a ses-
sion of legislative wreck, months of in-
quiry and labor thrown away.” The Con-
servative party might as well have been
in power, and, indeed, “‘so long as the
House of Lords stands where it does the
Conservative party is never out of
power.” He discussed at length the two
measures for the improvement of condi-
tions in Scotland which were past by the
Commons and rejected by the Lords. The
Scottish Landholders Bill was intended to
check the depopulation of the rural dis-
tricts, and the giving over of large areas
to sport for the benefit of those nomad
tribes who, in the month of August, ap-
pear at the Perth Station with their guns
and their fishing rods and kilts with white
knees to go up and possess the land. The
other bill, “which did no more than throw
upon the local authorities the simple duty
of valuing the land apart from the build-
ings and improvements on its surface,
was incontinently rejected, and I say that
this rejection was a piece of arrogance
and high-mindedness which went to the

extreme point of the pretensions of the
House of Lords.”

“Never was the House of Commons treated

with greater contempt by the other House
than in this instance, never did the claims of
property find a more willing and obsequious
agent than in the House of Lords as we know
it to-day. In rejecting this bill the House of
Lords, who represent, and it is their express
claim that they do represent, landed ge
as before and against all other, were rallying
to the immunities and privileges of their class,
and that is why I do not feel sanguine about
their abandoning their opposition easily. Well,
it is a melancholy and discouraging fact that
within so short a space of the general election
we should see that great demonstration of
opinion, that great constitutional verdict of
public judgment, reversed and set aside by
these irresponsible gentlemen who call them-
selves a revising chamber.
The Prime Minister described the plan
which the Government wished to have
adopted, which was to have a small, pri-
vate conference between an equal number
of members appointed by the two Houses
to consider a bill about which there was
marked disagreement. If this conference
proved unproductive the bill might, after
a suitable interval, say six months, be
again past and sent up to the House of
Lords, and if then rejected and another
conference fail to produce a compromise,
it might be past over their heads. The
resolution past by the House of Commons
holds that “it is necessary that the power
of the other House to alter or reject bills
past by this House should be so restricted
bv law as to secure that, within the limits
of a single Parliament, the final decision
of the Commons should prevail.” The
London Times, in criticising the speech,
says it is absurd to think of upsetting the
constitution because two bills, which were
past by a heterogeneous majority without
adequate discussion, and may or may not
be desired by the people of Scotland, were
rejected by the House of Lords.

“Conferences are a farce when one side
knows that it need not yield anything because
it can get everything in six months, while the
other side knows that it has absolutely noth-
ing to negotiate with.”

&

The Ministerial

Council meeting

at Rambouillet,
under the presidency of M. Falliéres, has
decided upon its political program to be
submitted to Parliament on its reassem-
bling, probably October 22d. A bill will

Problems of the
French Government

)
i
|

be introduced for the appropriation of
$1,200,000 for the relief of the sufferers
from the floods which have recently
devastated France thru the overflow of
the Rhone, the Loire and the Sadne. The
three measures of most importance are:
First, the facilitation of the devolution
of Church property to the communes;
second, the reform of military courts-
martial; third, the establishment of an
income tax. It has come out that dur-
ing the conflict over the separation law
that a large number of valuable objects
of art have been taken from the French
churches either by downright burglary
or the substitutions of imitations.
Antoine Thomas, a wealthy barrel man-
ufacturer of Clermont-Ferrand, was ar-
rested for the theft of the famous Cope
of Orth, which disappeared from the
Church of Ambazac, near Limoges.
Thomas made a full confession; in fact,
he is suspected of having exaggerated
his exploits. He claims to have stolen
sacred relics and utensils to the value of
$400,000. The cope alone is estimated
to be worth $120,000, and this he says
he sent to an antiquary in London for
$10,000. He declares that when the in-
ventories for the transfer of the Church
property to the communes were being
made, the priests removed the most val-
uable articles, replacing them when
necessary by others,.and either selling
the originals or hiding them to prevent

. their confiscation by the civil authorities.

M. Briand, Minister of Public Instruc-
tion, will introduce into Parliament a bill
declaring all objects of art in the
churches and other ecclesiastical build-
ings to be the property of the State and
under national protection. Such works
of art cannot be given away, exchanged,
sold or removed without the consent of
Parliament. It may also be made a penal
offense to export any religious work at
one time the property of the Church and
now belonging to the State. A similar
law has for some time been in operation
in Italy, to prevent exportation of its his-
torical and artistic treasures. The
French Government is continuing to
prosecute the anti-militarists, who are
endeavoring to corrupt the conscripts by
distributing to them manifestos denounc-
ing the army, and calling upon them to
turn their arms against their own officers

THE INDEPENDENT

in case of war. The Minister of War
instituted prosecution against Professor
Hervé, a leader of the anti-military
propaganda. The convention of. French
Radicals and Radical Socialists which
met at Nancy repudiated such attacks
upon the army and the encouragement of
desertion, and will support the Govern-
ment in its attempt to suppresse this
movement.——In Germany, Dr. Karl
Liebknecht, son of Dr. Wilhelm Lieb-
knecht, the veteran Socialist leader, was
convicted of high treason for publishing
a pamphlet against militarism. One of
the witnesses was Herr Bebel, who testi-
fied that Dr. Liebknecht’s extreme ideas
were not endorsed by the Social Demo-
cratic party. He was sentenced to
eighteen months’ detention in a fortress,
a light form of imprisonment, altho the
crown prosetutor demanded a sentence
of two years’ penal servitude and five
years’ loss of civil rights.

&

Italy is afflicted with a
Strikes in Italy series of strikes, which

seems likely to cause a
serious interruption of business and
communication. The trouble began with
a strike of the gas workers in Milan.
Strikebreakers were brought in to pre-
vent the city being left in darkness. The
company and its employees had come to
an agreement, and the strikebreakers
were being conveyed to the railroad sta-
tion when they were attacked by the
strikers with stones. Carabineers, in dis-
persing the mob, were obliged to fire, and
seven men were wounded. In conse-
quence of this the strike extended. All
the street cars were stopped, the factories
closed, and newspapers did not appear.
Bands of strikers of a thousand each
paraded the dark streets singing revolu-
tionary songs. In Turin, Bologna and
Leghorn sympathetic strikes were or-
dered, and the railroad men stopped
work. They endeavored to persuade the
Central Committee of the Socialists at
Rome to declare a general strike of all
the workingmen in Italy, but the com-
miteee refused, believing that under the
circumstances public opinion would not
support them. In spite of this the rail-
road employees continue their strikes
and are trying to tie up all lines.

A i tO. ee | i is

Graphics of the Voice

BY E. W. SCRIPTURE, Ph.D., M.D.

[Professor Scripture is one of the pioneers in the field of experimental psychology in this
country and was for twelve years Director of the Psychological Laboratory at Yale. He
has of late devoted himself to the difficult problem of the analysis of vocal sounds. His re-

cent researches are published in his “Experimental Phonetics,” by the Carnegie Institution
of Washington, reviewed in our issue of July 28th.

In the following article he explains in a

popular way how the records of “visible speech” are obtained and studied, illustrated by
gramophone tracings, some of which have never before been published.—Ep1ror.|

“THE investigations in phonetics for
[ the Carnegie Institution—concern-
ing which the editor of Tue In-
DEPENDENT has asked for some account—
were begun in the attempt to solve the

The person whose voice was to be
studied was required to speak into a
gramophone (disk machine) or a phono- —
graph (cylinder machine). For a study
of the typical American vowels I had a

problem of the na-
ture of English
verse. Of what
does English verse
consist? Is it a
system of long and
short syllables, or
of strong. and
weak ones? Are
there variations in
pitch, as in Greek?
After all, does the
scheme of syllables
have any applica-
tion at all? Is it
not possible that
modern English
verse is built on
principles that are
derived from the
Anglo-Saxon, and
that our present
way of treating it
is an invention of
college pedantry?
These problems
led to a new field
of investigation.
Consider for a mo-
ment: How shall
we best study
‘verse? Of course,
by catching it as
it flows from the

:

FIG. 1.—PIECE OF A GRAMOPHONE PLATE
CONSIDERABLY MAGNIFIED.

trained elocutionist
pronounce them
with special dis-
tinctness. For a
specimen of Amer-
ican verse Dr. S.
Weir Mitchell was
kind enough to
make several rec-
ords. Mr. Joseph
Jefferson furnish-
ed records of Rip
Van Winkle’s toast
and Dr. Chauncey
Depew gave a
specimen of ora-
tory. For French
pronunciation and
French verse I had
a large number of
records made, but
have not had time
to study them. As
a typical specimen
of German, the
German Emperor
made two records
for me.

In the gramo-
phone method the
recording appara-
tus makes a groove
on the disk and
the speech vibra-

mouth of the poet, freezing it and then
examining it in detail with the micro-
scope. This is practically what was done,
not only for poetry, but also for prose
and song and for various musical instru-
ments, The method was as follows:

tions make sidewise deviations in this
groove; some of the strongest can be
seen by looking at a record thru a mag-
nifying glass (Fig. 1).

To enlarge and record these vibrations
on paper it was necessary to devise a spe-

9

970

cial machine ; this was accomplished with
great labor and expense. The machine
was first used at Yale University. At-
tracting the attention of the Carnegie In-
stitution, its work has been liberally sup-
ported for four years; for six months it
was loaned to the University of Berlin.
Fig. 2 gives a scheme of the machine.

THE INDEPENDENT

ords of prose and verse, of musical ir-
struments, etc.’ Fig. 3 shows a small
piece out of a note from a cornet. Each
wave in the line represents one vibration
of the air in the cornet tone. The pitch
of the tone can be calculated from the
record. The recording andtracing ap-

paratus were so arranged that 1 milli-

Belt

FIG. 2—MACHINE FOR TRACING GRAMOPHONE RECORDS.

The gramophone disk is made to turn
very slowly, once in six to ten hours. A
steel point in a long light lever rests in
the speech groove just as the steel point
of the reproducer does; the vibrations in

meter on the band of paper represented
0.0004 seconds. One wave of the cor-
net record measures nearly 3 milli-
meters; the period or time occupied by
the vibration was therefore 0.0012 sec-

FIG. 3—TONE FROM CORNET.

the groove make the lever move back and
forth. A fine point at the end of the
lever records thevibrations, magnified 300
times, on a long band of smoked paper.

onds. The frequency or number of
vibrations per second was therefore
I+0.0012=833, being approximately g’?.

Let us notice the peculiar form of the

FIG, 4.—TON& FROM A CLARINET,

The apparatus has to be constructed with
great accuracy and delicacy.*
This machine was used to trace rec-

*Those who wish the details will find them in my
“Researches in Experimental Phonetics,” Publication
No. 44 of the Carnegie Institution.

waves in Fig. 3; they are sharper on one
side than on the other; this is a charac-
teristic of the cornet tones.

A portion of a clarinet record is shown
in Fig. 4. Here the waves fall into

GRAPHICS OF THE VOICE

groups of two. The length of the group
indicates the pitch of the tone in which
the instrument is played; this we can
calculate just as in the case of the cor-

971

Turning to speech we must first
consider how much we want the
vibrations magnified. If we decide
on having as before 1 millimeter=

FIG. 5.—VIBRATION FROM A GONG.

net. The divisiéh of the group into two
indicates that the octave overtone is also
present.

The curve of a gong, Fig. 5, shows by
its small waves that a high tone was

FIG. 6—NOTE BY

present; but the longer waves indicate
also a lower tone. Curiously enough, the
longer waves gradually become shorter ;
this agrees with our usual experience
that the tone of a bell starts lower at
first and runs up in pitch. We notice
also the periods of
nearly straight line
where the lower tone
fades away; this rep-
resents the beats pres-
ent in bell tones.

A still more com-
plex eurve is shown
in Fig. 6. It is part
of a note in a piece
played by Sousa’s
Band. An attempt to
unravel it would be
hopeless; yet our ear
picks out of the sound
the parts due to vari-
ous instruments.

0.004 second, then a_ speech last-
ing five minutes will—as any one can
readily compute — require 750 meters
of paper—that is, about one mile. Since
the machine must trace the curve very

SOUSA’S BAND.

slowly, it can accomplish this mile of
curve in about a month by running night

and day. In fact, it has traced off sev-
eral such records, one, a speech by Dr.
Depew, requiring a month and a half of
incessant work. Recorded on this scale

FIG. 7—WAVES FROM “OH,” SPOKEN BY-DR. S. WEIR MITCHELL.

THE INDEPENDENT

[°} [4] [i]

{e]

FIG. 12—MELODY PLOT FOR “OH; DEAR,” DESPAIRINGLY.

[*')

FIG. B—MELODY PLOT FOR
“OH,” SORROWFULLY.

FIG. 9—MELODY PLOT
FOR “OH,” ADMIRINGLY.

[*} [+] [+] Lett)

Lo]

FIG. 13—MELODY PLOT FOR “OH, NOT REALLY.”

("| [=]

[e]

FIG. 1.—MELODY PLOT FOR “OH,”
QUESTIONINGLY.

a spoken vowel is often a yard long.
The record of a joke is in this way rather
long drawn out, but we have the advan-

FIG. 11:.—MELODY PLOT FOR “OH MY,” SORROWFULLY

tage of having every detail mathemati-
cally accurate. -As one frivolous visitor
to the laboratory remarked, this is a good
way to get onto a man’s curves.

In Fig. 7 we have a piece out of a rec-
ord of “oh” spoken by Dr. S. Weir Mitch-
ell. The piece has been cut into four

GRAPHICS OF THE VOICE

parts tq get’ it into the column of print.
We notice first that the waves fall into
groups of three; each group represents
one vibration from the larynx. By meas-
uring the length of a group we can get
the pitch of the tone from the larynx at
each instant. Let us do so; we find that
the length of the groups steadily changes.
If we indicate the pitch for each group
by a dot a certain distance above a hori-
zontal line and connect the dots, we get
a “melody plot.” The melody plot for the
entire “oh” of which. Fig. 7 is a part is
given in Fig. 8. It shows that the voice
begins low, rises quite high, quavers a
while, and then falls. Compare with this
the melody plots of the “‘ohs” spoken in
different emotions (Figs. 9 to 13). We
see at once that in the melody plot we
have a record of the emotion. This opens
up an entirely new field, that of melody
in prose and verse ; the melodies of whole
speeches, poems and songs have been ob-
tained. The problem is a fascinating one
and the results are often unexpected, but
we canngt stop for them here.

The groups in Fig. 7 comprise three
subordinate waves; these indicate the

tones of the vocal cavities. In the first
line of the figure the three strong waves
indicate that there is a powerful cavity
tone an octave and a half above the
larynx tone. But we notice that, altho
adjacent groups are similar in form, the
form always changes slowly and steadily
from beginning to end. This is true of
nearly all American vowels ; the sound of
each one changes steadily while being
spoken.

The vibrations that compose a wave
group are the effects of the laryngeal vi-
brations on the cavities of the mouth and
nose. They. differ for each different
vowel sound. What sort of waves cor-
respond to the different vowels? Let us
cut short pieces out of a number of vow-
els spoken by Joseph Jefferson (Fig. 14).
Let us notice the vowel a in “glass.” We
find a similar but weaker curve for the
same vowel in “‘that,”” an almost identical
curve in “schnapps,” a distantly similar
one in “and,” and a rather similar one in
‘family’s.” The vowel a is shown in
weak vibrations at the beginning of “ah.”
In this way we can go over the plate of
curves and pick out similar or dissimilar
ones with the unaided eye,

973

If we inquire what tones of the voice
are represented by these curves, we have
to face the problem of curve analysis.
This is a difficult and complicated proc-
ess, the analysis of a single wave often
requiring whole days of computation.
The results of thousands of such analyses
show that the prevailing views of speech
and the action of the vocal organs are
largely erroneous. Brought into connec-
tion with the facts of anatomy and physi-
ology, they give us an insight into the
human voice such as we never had be-
fore.

In the first place, it is generally sup-
posed that the larynx contains two
cords or two membranes which swing
in the breath current and set the air in
vibration. This is not true. The larynx
contains the two “vocal lips,” which
open and shut by compression; the
larynx thus emits a series of puffs of
air, just as a locomotive or a puff siren
does, only so fast that the puffs make a
tone.

Again, it is supposed that the vocal
cavities—chest, throat, mouth, nose—act
like brass resonators to reinforce certain
overtones of the laryngeal vibrations.
This is also not true. The vocal cavities
have soft walls and cannot act like brass
resonators; their tones do not coincide
with overtones of the laryngeal tone and
therefore cannot reinforce them. The
cavities are adjusted to certain tones for
each vowel; the puffs from the larynx
strike them and bring forth these tones.

Altho the new view of vocal action
has been definitely established, it has not
yet become known to any extent, and it
is safe to say that no American book that
discusses the voice has gotten beyond the
old Helmholtz resonator theory, and that
every vocal teacher bases his or her in-
struction on an absolutely false suppo-
sition. ;

Thus, altho these investigations start-
ed with the problem of verse, they had
first to solve the problem of the nature
of the human voice. This being accom-
plished, the next problem is that of the
nature of the vowels in speech. Large
amounts of material have been collected,
but have not yet been published. Some
of the results are as follows: Every
American vowel changes from beginning
toend. This change is less than in Eng-

THE INDEPENDENT

GLASS?

THAT'S

FINE
SCHNAPPS
WELL
WERE'S
VouR
Goop
WEALTH

AWD
YOUR

FAMILY’S

FIG. 14.—-GRAMOPHONE TRACING OF THE VOWELS OF RIP VAN WINKLE’S TOAST, SPOKEN
BY JOE JEFFERSON,

GRAPHICS OF THE VOICE

lish. vowels,. Many ~simple
vowéls change more than the iphthongs.
Marty short vowels go thru very. great
changes.. There are more vowels, espe-
cially rt vowels, than are at present
recogmiz The short vowels are ger-
erally and the long vowels occasionallf
incorrectly given in our dictionaries.

It is evident that in these gramophone
records we have the data for solving our
original problem concerning verse. The
melody plot gives us the pitch at every
instant. The length of the vowel gives
us the duration. Some idea of the in-
tensity can be gained from the hight of
the vibrations, An examination of verse
curves shows that in English verse there
are “strong” syllables, which are made so
by being louder, longer or different in
pitch, and “weak”’ syllables, which are
softer, shorter or more monotonous.
Thus all the theories are correct as far
as they go. But they are applicable only
to certain forms of sing-song or special-
ly musical verse. Applied to truly char-

acteristic English verse, the schemes of

the prosodists are shown to be mere
scholastic jugglery with the letters of
printed verse, which have nothing. to do
with the living verse spoken by the poet.
The Merker-in the. opera of Hans
Sachs found nothing but errors in the
song of Walter von der Vogelweide, be-
cause it would not fit his schemes. True
verse will not fit the schemes of gram-
marians. Living verse has no re-
gard to syllables, feet, etc.; it is a flow
of emotional expression which follows
psychological laws. One of these laws
brings the ideas into larger groups ; these
fall into smaller groups indicated by the
stanza, the line and the phrase. Within
each of these there is a specific number
of rhythmical expressive impulses. For
example, the stanza:
The cities are full of pride,
Challenging each to each,
This from the mountain side,
That from her burthened beach.
_—Kipling.

expresses one larger idea; each of the
four constituents is expressed by a line
and is marked off by pauses. Within
each line there are three impulses that
center around the sounds in “Cit—,”
“full,” “pride,” etc. The centers of im-
pulse occur at approximately equal inter-

975

vals. These are the vital factors of the
verse. There is no division into sylla-
bles by speaker or hearer, and there is
no regard paid to dactyl or trocha. “The
proclitic syllable,” to explain the first
word in the first line, is a device of the
grammarian to conceal ignorance.

Altho these investigations were begun
in America, they were carried on main-

-ly in Germany. One reason was that the

measurements and computations required
many paid assistants. These could not
be obtained at any practicable figure in
America, but in Munich any number of
doctors of philosophy could be hired at
fifteen cents an hour and university
(graduate) students at ten cents. Re-
tired military officers proved to be good
assistants. For several years the super-
intendent of the laboratory was the
Baron von Hagen, a retired Prussian
major, who is now carrying on one
branch of the work independently.
Another reason was the favorable sci-
entific environment. In the land of the
dollar the man who spends his life doing
something that has no monetary value is
looked upon as somewhat soft in his up-
per story. Perhaps he is; what sensible
and righteous man would sacrifice the
comfort and health of his family to a self-
ish craze to find out something new? In
the American college, too, the scientific
investigator is disliked as a man who is
trying to upset things, or who is selfish-
ly working for glory instead of correct-
ing examination papers. This, too, is
quite proper and just; the successful
conduct of an institution requires that
every man in it shall sacrifice his per-
sonal inclinations to the routine neces-
sary for the object to be attained—
which, in America, consists in the teach-
ing of dead knowledge to students.
In Germany the case is different. To
get his degree every student must do
some original work... To obtain per-
mission to teach he must do more scien-
tific work. To attract and hold students
he must keep on doing scientific work.

_To become an assistant professor and

then a full professor he must always
keep on doing more scientific work.
Finally, to hold his place and not be
shelved he must never cease in original
work. Competition provides that the
work must be of merit; a slouchy investi-

976

gation is liable to cost the author his en-
tire career, It is the characteristic Ger-
man “must” that places German science
supreme. In enthusiasm, self-sacrifice
and natural ability the American student
is ahead of the German; but in America
he turns to. business, law or medicine if
he has any common sense, whereas a

‘enterprise and discovery developed.

German naturally has to become a scien-

tific man even when he follows a profes-
sion. These factors produce in Germany
a scientific environment that leads to
quick recognition of results, to inspira-
tion for further work and to the suprem-
acy of German science. Not one of the
great modern scientific discoveries has
been made west of the Atlantic; Amer-
ica has not produced a single scientific
man of the first class. The Nobel prizes
for science all go to Europeans. What
has America done to compare with the
discovery of the X rays (German),

argon: (English) and radium (French) ?
What has our chemistry furnished of imn-
portance like the benzole-ring of Men-
deljéef (Russian), the sugar theory of

Fischer (German) and the physical
chemistry of Van t’Hoff (Dutch)? In
physiology we can only learn at a dis-
tance from the researches of Pawlow
(Russian), in nerve anatomy from Ra-
mon y Cajal (Spanish) and Golgi

THE INDEPENDENT

(Italian), in bacteriology from Koch
(German), Roux (French) and Kitasato
(Japanese). Having few scientific men,
we have no able teachers. In college the
students are crammed with dead facts
instead of having their natural gifts -
t
does not dawn on our universities that
their first duty is the advancement of
knowledge, and that their second is to
make every student to some degree a sci-
entific investigator.

In conclusion, I must answer the
question every American asks: “What is
the practical value of such researches on
the voice?” In the first place, our dic-
tionaries are shown to give incorrect
pronunciations for many words. Again,
the army of vocal teachers are shown to
be basing their methods on wrong prin-
ciples. Still newer investigations show
that the case is worse than we had sup-
posed; and an entirely new system of
instruction is now being worked out by
the new methods. Other branches of the
work have led to important medical ap-
plications. A peculiar epileptic voice
has been found which enables us to
rescue a class of hysterical persons from
the epileptic treatment. A new cure for
stammering and stuttering has also been
found.

Vanversitt Crinic, Cotumsra University,

The Closed Door

BY GRACE DENIO LITCHFIELD

Knock! Knock!

Bide not there baffled with spent hand.

Lo, here the threshold of thy dreamed-of goal—
Here, here, fulfilment for thy seeking soul.

Oh knock! Oh knock!

Take not thy craven stand,

Stilly consenting, with Fate’s beggared band,
Mulcted forever of thy rightful dole.
Grasp for thy drop from Life’s abundant bowl—
Thy meted morsel of the Promised Land!
The touch withheld, how shall the latch unlock?
What hostel proffers to unchallenging guest
Friendship’s full feast—Wisdom’s consummate wine?

Fool!

For a lifted finger all were thine—

All, all thy soul could compass at its best.

Knock, that the door may open!

Wasnincton, D. C.

Knock, oh knock!

October on the Hills

BY E. P. POWELL
Author of “The Country Home,” “Our Heredity from God,” etc.

fruits, yet not quite welcome. For

who likes to have the long days
go, while the sun slowly closes down on
the bright hours. The bird chords held
on till the daybreak dropped below five
o’clock, and now only one solitary robin
whistles in the dawn near my window.
Who that knows the four o’clock morn-
ing can willingly spare its rich quiet;
the sweep of scythe in morning dew, the
far-off call of the mourning dove and the
drowsy call of the waking cocks thru the
whole valley. Every week, however, we
discover that the night is gaining on us
and the glory of the daybreak is more
and more disturbed by the hurrying of
the farmer—as he goes down hill toward
winter. ~

I do not quite like a butternut tree, be-
cause it gets tired so quickly. It drops
leaves by the middle of August, and
early in September its limbs are bare. It
must have got this tradition from-a
colder climate and shorter summers. The
white ash is something of the same sort.
It leaves out late in the spring, does its
work quickly, and clothes itself in rich
purple, while the maple and other neigh-
bors are still adding to their growth.
The butternut is unconventional and
heedless of custom, but its nuts are com-
ee all of us who remain child-
ike.

Bees have now a very narrow range
of flowers, and my boy no longer takes
from them their storages. The vast
fields of goldenrod along the creek still
give them harvest — but they color and
flavor the honey. It is, I think, for these
hymenopterous friends that the golden-
rod is so abundant. It requires a very
nice adjustment of vegetable and animal
life to make either prosperous. Only a
few years ago I discovered that sweet
clover was a superior honey plant. I
had thought it only a weed. So now
after its early summer blooming I cut it
down, and it sends up a big bunch of

A UTUMN comes with its lap full of

branches to blossom in October. Here
my bees are industriously happy. It is
astonishing how far these honey makers
go for their stores and how much bet-
ter they know the country than we do.
If away back in their evolution they had
moved off on the line of articulation,
their field notes would be finer and fuller
than those of Burroughs or Thoreau.
But if they told all that they saw, and all
that they discovered, some one would be
likely to call them nature fakirs.

Where do these ugly hours come
from? The winds jerk off the leaves
and have a spiteful pleasure in throwing
them into the mud. Color is especially
disliked. Everything is brown and dingy.
Nothing on the ground looks cheerful,
except late violets or mushrooms. In
the sky the clouds go by, for hours, at a
fearful pace. Suddenly the whole pro-
gram changes. The blue looks thru, and
the sun looks down laughing ; and we are
ashamed that we were sad. A wet day,
however, has its uses. It sends us to the
shop, and relieves the strain of work, by
setting us at another class of tools. My
father’s shoeshop was a big bit of my
education. It was worth all of Murray
and Peter Parley and a half-dozen other
such tutors and mentors. My own shop
is another sort of thing, but it is just as
useful. There we collect the dropped
fruit and turn it into delicious cider.
We sharpen the tools and we repair what
has been broken. Books multiplied un-
til they grew impertinent. They as-
sumed a sort of autocratic and com-
mandatory position. We are learning
that a big part of education comes from
things.

After a wet night is the time to look
for mushrooms. The “inkys” are abun-
dant around old stumps, and they are
very good, but it takes a panful to make
a dinner. Out of the grassy clumps and
the rich hollows, where the cows have
spent the nights, lift bunches of Agaricus
—pink-lipped and delicious. But best

977

978

of all are the “puffballs”—smoky fellows
when two or three days old, but they are
the mutton of the vegetable world—
sweet and juicy and satisfying. With
them should always go a rich, cream
gravy, and plenty of it, with toast. I
am surprised to find how the small chil-
dren of my neighborhood are learning
ta distinguish these fruits of the night.
The danger of being poisoned is very
slight, and vanishes altogether when one
has made them a study.

Autumn revels in the beautiful. The
colors are superb. Nature seems for
once to forsake the law of temperance.
No heavy frost has blackened the foliage
or torn it from the trees. There has
been a quiet ripening of the year. The
yellow birds sit on the thistle tops and
chuckle their satisfaction. I do not know
any bird that seems happier than this
little seed-eater. The sumach stands in
great clumps of scarlet on the higher
slopes, and the Virginia creeper has not
dropped all of its crimson leaves from
the charred stumps, that it loves to drape

in glory. At this season of the year ev-

erything is reversed. The meanest be-
comes the most noble and the humblest
most exalted. I picked some exquisite
beadlike seeds, and found they came
from a nettle. One may make a compost
pile very charming all summer by grow-
ing over it squash vines, but now the
morning glories open their beautiful
eyes and cover the coarser vine. One
must never forget the beautiful, while
working for the useful; Nature never
does.

Your mean little city lot of twenty by
fifty will glorify itself at this season if
you give it half a chance. It will paint
your weeds with touches like Rembrandt.
Chickweed and shepherds’ purse come
up everywhere, and ask for a chance to
make the world a little more beautiful.
The new creed reads, Go back to Nature!
Surround yourself with brooks, gardens,
orchards, flowers and fruits. Set your
heart on things intrinsically beautiful as
well as good. But then intoxication is
always an evil, whether with drinks or
with food, with poems or with flowers—
or even with religions. Work must al-
ways go with worship. If you find hap-
piness it will not stay with you unless

THE [INDEPENDENT

you put your hands on it as well as your
heart.

The corn fields are lively. with huskers.
You can see them here and there be-
tween the orchards. What a_ glorious
thing it is to sit on the rustling stalks
and toss the golden ears into piles. It
makes a poet of a lout. Boys transfer
the piles into great wagons, and the loads
rattle down the fields to the barns and
the cribs. Co-operation is nothing new;
it only changes forms. Our fathers
knew very well how to pull together.
The husking bee, the paring bee, the rais-
ing bee and the rag-carpet bee and quilt-
ing bee were simple ways of making so-
cial life charming. Machinery crowded
out the most delightful amenities of the
farm home, until nothing was left but
disagreeable tasks. Now, with all the
sciences hitched to the plow, new forms
of co-operation are born. We have
learned how to walk alone; therefore we
walk together.

I waked this morning with a con-
sciousness that the world was very
happy, and that I was in full key with the
world’s spirit. The cocks called out all
thru the valley yards Good Morning!
The birds were not singing, for their
home building was finished in August;
but my pet catbirds were calling me thru
the open windows, and I called back to
them most gladly. The July crickets did
not get waked up this year until late in
August, and even then we had so little
of them that we are glad to hear them
in the autumn months. My friend lit his
pipe last night, and then he put it away
again, saying: “I don’t need it. Instead
of soothing me, it disturbs my complete
submission to the love song of the in-
numerable crickets.” One should know
how to put himself into the most perfect
harmony with Nature’s moods. A gen-
tle night, fairly full of the cradle song
of the cricket, is the very incarnation of
peace and content. The sounds seems at
first to be a bit inharmonious, but the
blending becomes perfect, and after a
while is somniferous.

Nature is a perfect farmer if not med-
dled with. She understands soil making,
and her piles of humus are always in-
creasing in the little hollows. There is
no spot on earth she would not make

OCTOBER ON THE HILLS

habitable and fertile if let alone. The
drifting leaves were not woven all over
the trees for a single purpose. They
shade the tree trunks in summer, and
they exhale ozone to purify the air, and
they are also indescribably beautiful.
But when they have served their purpose
for tree and for man, Nature drops them
down to fatten the soil. Fools burn
them, but other fools burn banknotes; it
is all the same—it is the destruction of
wealth. In Florida, where deciduous
leaves are not plentiful, I found that Na-
ture had created a superabundance of
vines; legumes that take nitrogen from
the air and add it to the sand. . But there
also the fools were at work, and with
fire, once a year, they sent millions up in
smoke.

The wise man is needed everywhere.
One-half the forces of nature go to
waste, without brains to direct them:
The fool is always out of place, especial-
ly in his own garden and orchard. He
has planted what he was told to plant,
but never really knows the spirit of the
tree. The weeds laugh at him and grow
under his feet, but the marigolds wonder
and die out. SoI prefer my walks on
the wild pasture knolls, or in the edges
of the woods. There the struggle for
existence manages to turn out a com-
pensative value. Wild bushes become
hedges and windbreaks. The superfluity
of weeds rots down into humus. But an
orchard, grafted and set for a purpose,
should overcome all side issues and be
kept to the point. This needs a man who
is himself also trained to an end. That
is the trouble with much farming; it
lacks. culture—not plow-culture, but
brain-culture. Our schools do not see
this, and they care only to make store
accounts come out even. I have a near
neighbor with Puritan blood in him,
which makes him devoutly ethical. I do
not see that it goes far to the growing
of corn. He-has infinite crosses of
Welsh, Dutch, English and Scotch; not
very well worked over or bred into unity.
His school training is superabundant,
but it all applies to literature. He can
make a good after-dinner speech, but his
pears are knobby and his apples are
scabby. Suckers come up all about his
trees, and they grow also all around his
life. Somehow he does not fit in. Na-

979

ture has made no preparation for this
sort of farmer. She calls for brains-ev-
erywhere and for sympathy. She will
not let up on this demand. She prefers
cattle and sheep to an untrained human
being.

Some say that autumn is sad. To my
mind it is unutterably glad—a gladness,
however, all its own. It is the gladness
of mature life, infinitely richer than that
of boyhood or youth—not noisy, and yet
full and deep and satisfying. I am hap-
pier and younger at seventy-five than I
was at twenty-five. Somewhere along
back there I crossed a bridge over into
sunnier meadows and more brainful
orchards. Then I have, along the way,
a storage everywhere. I own my past
life. There are ideals lived out and joys
experienced. What a richness there is
in owning a life; in the consciousness
that you have not only dreamed fine
dreams, but lived many of them into your
life of days; not only planned, but
worked. I think that heaven is always
in the building; but it is also in having
been built. I have seen joy in the eyes
of the young man, but never so grand as
in the eyes of the octogenarian; a man
who had gone with God for eighty years.
I knew Emerson when he was seventy ;
I therefore do not care for his youth.
But the springs are needed as well as the
autumns; youth as well as ripeness;
night as well as morning:

“Beautiful life! Strong youth!

I come to you as the sunset; you come to
me as the sunrise.

Alone we do not circle the earth; do not
know it;

Between us we make the day—clear and full
of meaning.

We search out the earth, find its buds, and

compel them to open.
We are ever looking forward toward each

other. 2
All night I whisper, thru the trees, of you,

ou.
I call the dawn, till, breaking the east, it
comes. :
O, how it comes! Dressed in light and love!
Bright purpose rays red over the heavens!
Strong youth! Great hope! Beautiful dawn!
I wait you as you come; J, the evening,
I have the table laid—waiting; life sits at
the feast.”

Only yesterday the world was a flush
of blossoms; apples, pears, plums, cher-,
ries and lilacs all flung out their banners
and filled the world with sweetness. It
did not seem as if the year could get on

980

without that glory of florescence and
that sea of ozone in which we bathed ev-
ery morning. Then we past into the
swift July and the calmer August, with
great fields of ripening grain and the
green corn on our tables. It was clear
then that we had started for a goal; that
goal was never to be touched. The bees
buzzed like swift shuttles, knowing in
the hot summer that winter was some-
where ahead. I saw a ripe strawberry

one morning, and the dew made silver.

all over the scarlet. It was so beauti-
ful that I came away and did not pick

THE INDEPENDENT

it. . That. was foolish in me, for all
beauty depends .upon the powerof
change. The strawberry went down ‘to
the soil to nourish future strawberries.
Now the world is ripe; the harvests are
near an end; the bins are filling. The
larger part of progress lies in the ca-
pacity for dying well. Every ounce of
my soil proves this. To handle death
well is the highest science. To turn a
compost pile over into melons, what a
glory is that! Out of the dung hill to
bring forth corn. In the soil of the pass-
ing year lies buried an eternity of years.

Curnton, N. Y.

The Need of Good Men in
the Philippines

BY A. L. PITCHER

[The following article is most timely at this moment owing to the opening of the Fili-
pino Assembly by Secretary Taft last week. America has accomplished wonders in the Philip-
pines, but there is yet much to be done if we are to achieve a lasting success there and
keep the good will and loyalty of the natives. —Ep1rtor.]

HAT the indifference of the Ameri-
T can public toward the Philippines
is greater than their present inter-

est, is pardonable for several reasons:
generally speaking, we know very little
of the country and the race of people re-
cently brought under our form of gov-
ernment; our impressions are formed
largely from personal letters, newspapers
and reports from the Insular Govern-
ment. Letters from our friends dwell
chiefly on the hardships of living in the
Philippines, so that our first concern is
for these friends or relatives and their
welfare in a land we regret they went
to. The newspaper reporter and car-
toonist in their gibes.at Philippines and
Filipinos are succeeding in coloring pub-
lic opinion to an extent prejudicial to
country, people and our government
there. Government reports themselves
are hardly of an encouraging nature :—
there is a deadening sameness to repeated
accounts of -ladronism and the wrong-
doings of petty officials. But the strong-
est reason for indifference, I think, is at-
tributable to the fact that the Philippines

are proving of so little value commer-
cially, and since this commercial value is
also the national value, the islands are
out of politics. This is, without doubt, the
principal reason why interest in the real
worth of the Filipino people has cooled.

I pardon much to American indiffer-
ence, and am most patient in answering
questions which amuse me by their puer-
ility; which chagrin me because of the
ignorance prompting them. One dear
old lady who saw my photographs. of
Filipino friends asked if I had taught
them to wear clothes. This was a per-
fectly natural query, since she knew that
it is hot in the Philippines, and she had
thought the Filipinos savages. Others
have expressed surprise because I tell
them that the natives are intelligent, and
really worth while; but when I have de-
clared strong feeling of friendship for
people in the town where for two years
I lived familiarly with them, my declara-
tion has been taken as a good joke.

A sweeping condemnation of the whole
Philippine matter is rather hastv since a
moral obligation binds America to the

THE NEED OF GOOD MEN IN THE PHILIPPINES

a < that land. Our present indif-
rence, but temporary I hope, is lament-
able because the Filipinos are a people
demanding a better recognition of their
natural qualities; and because under
present conditions brought about by the
personnel and deeds of petty government
officials, these qualities are being dwarfed
and the natives’ conception of America
perverted. In what follows I wish to
show that the Filipinos are in many ways
naturally superior to the officials allowed
to govern them; and that these officials,
necessarily a poor lot, are working in-
estimable harm, and should at once be
superseded by a better class of American
men.

I went to the Philippines to help show
the natives something about American
schools, and to teach them English. I
was assigned to an inland town of Pam-
panga, a province of Luzon. The peo-
ple of this town were friendly and hos-
pitable when a perfect stranger I came
among them. I saw that they were not
savages, that they wore clothes, scant, to
be sure, but modest ; that they had profit-

ed to a high degree from the civilizing

influence of Spain. I was surprised to
find in a peasant community so high an
intellectuality; this simplified my at-
tempts to educate them. By clearly de-
fining my purpose among them, and by
asking their co-operation and patience
until I learned their ways and language,
I met them half way, and my honesty
brought them the other half. It brought
more; it brought me the confidence,
friendship and an equal standing among
them; and no higher consideration can
be given a foreigner by the Filipinos
than that he is worthy to be considered
just as good as themselves. I know that
this sounds queer, but I have proved it;
and have found that this relation does
not necessarily mean the lessening of
one’s own dignity, nor the admittance of
the native to a troublesome degree of

familiarity, which is the undoing of any -

foreigner among them.

I was admitted to their family life, an
intimacy that proved to me their respect
for old age; their lave for their children ;
their reverence for the family, account-
able for monogamy, legitimate children
and a wholesome observance of marriage.
I visited their ceremonies, religious and

981

secular; I attended their feasts; I went
with them into the country, hunted, ate.
slept just as they did. I found in their
relations, one with the other, their con-
duct was marked by a dignified courtesy
and a constant good nature.

In return for their trust, confidence
and good will I did my best to further
our relations; My house was always
open to them, my ear ever ready to listen
to a grievance—too often ‘caused by
American injustice — and my advice at
their service. Possibly coming and liv-
ing alone in their town brought out to
me all the charm of Filipino hospitality,
and led to our understanding. Certainly
by appealing to their better instincts, and
by respecting their customs, my life with
them was shorn of its loneliness and be-
came one of pleasure.

An American who will meet the ad-
vances of these people and will return
them, finds himself the guardian and
sponsor of the community; by his influ-
ence the laws are better understood and
observed ; the town is kept cleaner; the
district is better policed, and gaming is
less. practiced. For disarming native
suspicion and for overcoming deep-
rooted conservatism the American must
show himself friendly, as thus only will
he acquire a standing among the’ Fil-
ipinos enabling him to work incalculable
good. The American must be an all-
round model of his country, and a wor-
thy one for natives whose innate good
breeding requires the best Americanism
for their daily contemplation. He must
be patient, too, for the Filipino learns
slowly ; he is cautious in accepting a new
thing like the American system, so dif-
ferent from the Spanish in either the
schools or the government. But he is in-
quisitive and impressionable, and a past
master of imitation he easily and quick-
ly grasps what he wishes. Like his Tag-
alog brother, the Pampangan is a “cheer-
ful, good-natured, sensitive child, quick-
ly responsive to kind treatment, but when
abused attempts retaliation, and, if un-
able to obtain this, sulks, apparently loses
all interest, and assumes a stupidity as
exasperating as it is contrary to his nor-
mal state.”

These are some of the characteristics
encountered and not sufficiently consid-
ered by the American officials sent to the

982

provinces to demonstrate our ways of
living and our government. Generally
it is a lack of patience, less frequently a
lack of honesty in dealing with the peo-
ple that is the source of estrangement,
and once this wedge enters, pushing
them farther apart, official and people
are in no mood for mutual relations of
confidence or of friendship.
* * * * p
That government rascality of various
kinds is prevalent in the Philippines can-
not be denied; it is due to the circum-
stances under which a government is
formed in a new land. The Insular Gov-
ernment of the Philippines in selecting
its minor officials had to meet the con-
ditions peculiar to the country. Obvi-
ously the number of eligibles for office
is limited ; obviously it has been the policy
to select, so far as possible, honorably
discharged soldiers, for such positions as
provincial treasurers, governors, col-

* *

lectors of ports, postmasters and teach-
ers; while the constabulary has been
filled entirely with these ex-soldiers. It

is among the officials of the above classes
that we find a large number of pecula-
tors. The reasons are not far to seek.
Given a set of subalterns, and often men
from the ranks, who are inured to the
domineering methods peculiar to the vol-
unteer military service; raise these men
to positions whose very dignity implies
power and command, and in these cases
over a people obsequious in the highest
degree of officialdom, and unless the in-
cumbent is well adjusted in the matter
of personal equation, the result is a fore-
gone conclusion. The very remoteness
of officials from heads of departments in
Manila, and the at times insurmountable
means of communication, leave the reins
of control wholly in the hands of pro-
vincial officials, who draw them tight or
loose, and administer wisely or unwise-
ly, as ability and natural disposition sug-
gest.

In view of the material at hand, and
the unattractiveness of the life, securing
men well qualified and adapted for pro-
vincial office is no easy matter, and there
creep into the service unqualified persons
whose equipment cannot sustain the
peculiar demands of the office. This is
hardly chargeable to the department
when we consider the possible material ;

THE INDEPENDENT

but the need and importance of more
substantial material to choose from are
the vital defects crying for immediate at-
tention. ,

Owing to the unique class of people to
be governed, it is more than axiomatic
that the future of the Philippines is de-
pendent on the personnel of government
officials. These, removed from the cities
and from an intercourse with their kind,
are sprinkled thinly over the provinces. .
There may be possibly four Americans in
a capital town—a treasurer, supervisor,
constabulary officer and school teacher ;
in most cases the last two, or even the
last, will be stationed alone. For any of-
ficial to approach success in the work
planned an understanding of the people
is so essential that it is just here failure
is most liable and traceable largely to the
stand taken by the official. To show how
this works: To a town: where the Fil-
ipinos had given every consideration to
Americans there came an officer, on im-
portant civil duty. Holding all Filipinos
in mean estimation, he began by trying
to bully the people into letting him a
house at his own low figure, about half
what was asked. This not succeeding, the
people were called ladrones and declared
unworthy of American protection—a tact-
less remark, which engendered bad feel-
ing and led to strained relations. The
crisis came one day when the officer, ex-
asperated at the president’s failure to
come promptly to the former’s head-
quarters merely to give some informa-
tion, rushed to the town house and at-
tempted to drag the native headman thru
the streets. This idiocy aroused the Fil-
ipinos to a retaliation which landed the
official in the town calaboose, hustled
there by the mob.

I detail but one of many instances I
have witnessed wherein a ruffian Ameri-
can has tried to bully a people whose in-
born courtesy, dignity and natural good
breeding are as foreign to the under-
standing of our Government representa-
tive, as his bearing and deeds were for-
eign to the understanding of the natives.
The low, worthless Americans let loose
in the archipelago are far from being the
equals of those they bully. The brutal
coarseness with which this class of offi-
cials administers American justice to a
people still in medievalism is completely

THE DRAGON CITY

estranging the Filipinos, and perverting
their ideas of Americans. Our- nation is
judged by these things and these per-
sons; the natives receive impressions
which work for no good to the Govern-
ment at large, and which frequently drive
them to the hills to avenge themselves on
a government so represented. It is thus
largely a question of winning or antago-
nizing the Filipinos thru provincial offi-
cials.

Before condemning the Government
for the frequency of mal-administration
and of wrongdoing, and before indiffer-
ence becomes more deeply rooted, take
into consideration the circumstances, and
look to the remedy. If men from the
ranks of military life and training are
to be raised to offices of responsibility
and dignity ; if these men, as Government
representatives in stations too remote to
allow of personal investigation, are set
in authority over a subservient race
whom they cannot or will not under-
stand ; and if these men, because of ener-
vating climate, poor food, tippling and
the ill-adjusted natural or mental facul-

983

ties, lose their heads when in a position
to domineer a conquered people—if men
of this stamp are to carry Americanism
to the Filipinos, clearly it won’t be car-
ried far. In view of the Government’s
dependence on its minor appointees, and
in view of the large number of worthless
Americans encumbering today these ap-
pointments, it behooves America to shake
off this indifference, to give the Filipinos
the benefit of a more intimate acquaint-
ance, and to demand for them a set of
governors commensurable with their
own racial and instinctive breeding.

This can be brought about by making
service in the Philippines attractive to
good men; by weighing the candidate’s
personality and adaptability for close re-
lations with the Filipinos; by appointing
no one not declaring an interest in and
for them, and no one not standing for,
and setting the example of pure justice,
erring neither in generosity nor abuse.
1 hope the influences of petty domineer-
ing and rascality are yet radicable; I
know that these must immediately cease
if the Filipinos are to be saved for us.

Mystic, Conn.

The Dragon City

BY IVAN SWIFT

In this unchanging shaft-light hour by hour,
Pent in and -comfortless, the city’s power
Goes grifding on around me; and the sky,
A somber square the empty winds go by,
Scarce marks the transit of the night or day.
A million unfixt spirits take their way
Beneath my keep, nor seem to reckon why
They tempt a dragon, follow far, and die!

I marvel I could quit the peace of fields

For this, where all our fervent sowing yields
But mortal thorns to weave us penal crowns!
I have not learned the tenets of the towns:
I seem disarmed where every man contends,
Denying virtue and rejecting friends!

Where I have wandered, on the northern hills
A Presence full of power and promise fills
Our hearts with common joy; and there we

earn
How comradeship and simple trust will turn
The fear of beasts and enmity of men.
But what avails the code I gathered then?—
The God of farther places here they scorn,

And flout the solemn faiths that J have
sworn!

Were men but rude, like some unlettered

breed,—
Then might I stand, as one who knew the
creed;
But here are sinuous ways and sultan smiles,
Soft insolence, diplomacies and wiles.
These subtler crafts plain men can never

know;
And fall as falls the unresisting snow;

From this most pitiless of human mills

I wonder I am not among the hills,

Whose faithful benediction followed me!

And I am pained of infidelity

At parting from the pines and golden sands

And old-time friends—the warm and rugged
hands

Of long-true friends! I wonder I should
roam

This way!
home!

Cutcaco. Inn

My heart is there—and there is

Two Weeks in China

BY J. H. DE FOREST, D.D.

Shangha
F OR forty years I had heard of

Shanghai, and in a vague way
knew that it was the abode of

foreigners somewhere on the low flats of
the Yangtse delta; that it was governed
on exterritorial lines much as Yoko-
hama used to be; that it was often a
storm center of international passions,
famous at such times for its lying cable-
grams; and that it figured large in the
commerce and diplomacy of the world.

But one hour’s ride across this endur-
ingly built city, the sight of its fine archi-
tecture in stone and brick, its banks,
hotels, club houses, business places, resi-
dences, churches and missions, set me to
wondering. Here is a city holding more
Westerners than any other city of the
Far East—more than all Japan has, a
city of glorious commercial importance
and prosperity, the gateway to the whole
empire of China, a city rapidly expand-
ing and “destined in the near future to
be the largest city of all Asia.” Shang-
hai is certainly a world city, not only on
account of its universal mercantile inter-
ests, but rather because it is the center of
high diplomatic problems, on the right
solution of which depends so much of
the peace and progress of the world.

The first impression one gets of
Shanghai is of its magnificent commer-
cial power. China is cut in two by the
enormous river Yangtse, whose branches
are other enormous rivers and canals
that flow north and south over fruitful
prairies and penetrate far up mountain
valleys. And Shanghai is the gateway
into this thickly populated continental
valley. It is, therefore, the commanding
city of the empire, and as such the con-
necting center between the East and the
West. Being a world city it forces one
to think in world terms.

Residentially it astonished me. The
men who build up these open ports of the
East love solidity in architecture. They
come to stay. The common thought
about them is that they come to make

money and then return to the home land
to live in ease. One look at their sub-
stantial and delightful homes in the
midst of lawns and gardens flanking
country avenues for miles and miles
knocks from the mind all thought of the
transitory nature of the Westerner’s
stay in the East. To be sure, he loves
to go home for a visit, but once in the
East he forever hears the call to stay and
make an abiding city.

Now Shanghai has a hundred miles of
roads, and scores of miles of these roads
are wholly residential, but do not make
the mistake of thinking that all these
beautifully built, broad piazzaed houses
belong to foreigners. Wealthy Chinese
have caught on the idea of Western
architecture, and all along these avenues
where but a few years ago were paddy
fields and vegetable gardens are now
spacious and expensive abodes of taotai
commissioners, retired officials and mer-
chants. Besides these wealthy ones,
there are 400,000 other Chinese in the
settlement, and it is this mixture on a
large scale of Westerners and Chinese
that interests one—a pointer toward the
larger coming together of the East and
West.

This commingling of the peoples of
two civilizations widely differing in lan-
guage, religion, government and morals,
gives rise to problems of world interest,
the chief of which is exterritoriality.
Just as Japan a few years ago felt hu-
miliated over treaties that denied her
judicial authority over foreigners on her
soil, so China is awakening to find her-
self—the great historic Middle Kingdom
of the earth—classed politically among
inferior nations—with Siam and. Turkey.
“China for the Chinese” is a cry already
heard in many ways. Boycott of Amer-
ican goods is one form of it. The Boxer
movement was another violent expres-
sion of it. Murder of missionaries is one
more. No wonder that those 15,000 stu-
dents in Tokyo are uneasy over the dis-
covery that Western powers have hu-

TWO WEEKS IN CHINA »

miliated their empire many times and in
many ways in the name of exterritorial-
ity. _ Indeed, every mission college, so
far as it teaches international justice and
human worth, is a silently revolutioniz-
ing force. Yale and Harvard, Oxford
and Cambridge, have taught scores of
gifted Chinese youths the world system
of laws from which their empire is
measurably excluded.

And Shanghai now is probably the
greatest world center of this difficult
problem of exterritoriality. Yokohama
figured large in this question a dozen
years ago, but now that Japan has po-
litical equality with nations of the West
there is no longer this irritating problem
of “foreign settlements” and “conces-
sions” within that empire. Hongkong, too,
is not in it, for that splendid “City of
Victoria” is a “Crown Colony of Great
Britain.” But Shanghai, with its 13,000
foreigners, is deeply in it. And for this
reason it is intensely interesting to see
what forces are at work toward a peace-
ful solution of this international prob-
lem.

Among these forces it should be said
that powerful commercial interests will
probably resist to the last the abolition of
exterritorial rights and the transfer of
vast properties to the protection of the
Chinese Government and laws. That
was what Yokohama did, and Shanghai
will naturally do the same. From the
Shanghai standpoint this is perfectly
right. Save for the protection of their
own foreign governments and the con-
stant presence of gunboats, these for-
eigners never could have built up that
vast system of commerce that is bringing
new life and hope to the millions of
China. Exterritoriality is one of the
blessed methods by which nations of dif-
ferent degrees of civilizations and differ-
ent moral and religious standards can
temporarily come together in peace.
Without it war would be ceaseless and
semi - barbarism would perpetually ob-
struct the incoming of new methods and
international intercourse. At the same
time it must never be forgotten that the
nations on whom it is imposed hate it, and
so it is also a cause of friction and war.
It is, therefore, a temporary expedient to
be abolished as soon as possible. Com-
mercialism wants it as a permanency,

985

but the moral forces of the world look
forward to its abolition, foréseeing that

‘it is better for humanity that a great

backward nation whose face is turned
toward the light should be trusted rather
than that its awakening people should be
more and more embittered and poisoned
against the rest of the world.

Now Japan is one of the great forces
that is encouraging China to take neces-
sary steps for the recovery of political
autonomy, by building up an army and
navy that the world will be forced to re-
spect, by reformation of government and
laws, and by universal education in
world knowledge which will remove the
dead hand of conservatism. The United
States is another potent agency, and has
frankly expressed its sympathy with
China’s desire in the last treaty signed
at Shanghai, October 8th, 1903:

“The Government of China having expressed
a strong desire to reform its judicial system
and to bring it into accord with that of West-
ern nations, the United States agrees to give
every assistance to such reform, and will also
be prepared to relinquish extra - territorial
rights when satisfied that the state of the
Chinese laws, the arrangements for their ad-
ministration, and other considerations warrant
it in so doing.”

Other nations are taking the same
sympathetic attitude. And it is coming
to be believed that international justice
and peace will be far better conserved
with new China as a political equal than
with old China handled by exterritorial
methods that at best humiliate and exas-
perate a great historic people.

These are the diplomatic forces that
are pressing China toward freedom. But
to me there is one great moral force of
untold power that centers in Shanghai
for befriending China. It is the largest
missionary body in the world, made up of
4,000 chosen men and women. These
are the people who love China for
China’s sake, who learn that difficult lan-
guage, know its ethical literature, and
by their writings are the best interpreters
of China to the peoples of the West. We
may as well say it frankly, these people
in their new environment have made
mistakes as sectarian propagandists un-
der Western protection, but on the whole
their work is one of love and self-sacri-
fice, and their one deep desire is to help
in the regeneration of this great nation.
A new life and larger hope are coming

986

over this vast missionary movement. The
Protestant forces are uniting in many
ways, so that a broader, more sympathetic
work of national dimensions is coming
to be their ideal. Such men as Richards,
Reid and Smith are working thru litera-
ture and education to set up the kingdom
of God rather than to propagate West-
ern forms of Christianity. And the great
Missionary Centennial Convention re-
cently held in Shanghai, by recommend-
ing Chinese Christians to make a Chinese
Church rather than to imitate all kinds of
foreign forms of Christianity, adopted
one of the most far-reaching ‘resolutions
a missionary body ever past. This opens
the door wide for a truly sympathetic
Christianity that will be a mighty moral
force in the coming national life, and
that ought to be a factor in hastening the
recognition of China as a political equal
with the nations of the West.
Nanking

A night’s ride up the Yangtse River
brings one to this city of 300,000 people,
enclosed in an imposing ,wall that winds
over hills and across valleys for more
than twenty miles; the city of.a Viceroy
who rules over more people than half the
population of North, America; the city
where hundreds of thousands live in
some sections frightfully congested,

‘THE INDEPENDENT

while in other portions hundreds, of acres
of the dead cover the hills and valleys;
whose temple to Confucius, “The Most
Holy Teacher,” is the second in size in
the empire; whose Examination Hall,
with its long rows of cells, capable of
holding over 20,000 students, is the
largest in China; whose Ming Mauso-
leum tells of the departed glory of a
former dynasty ; whose missionaries have
conspicuous schools and hospitals ; whose
swarms of beggars beggar description.

I was dazed to be dropped down into
such a city and such an environment.
That massive turreted wall of from 30 to
100 feet high, wide enough on top to
pasture goats and hogs, will in the future
possibly become a magnificent automobile
road, affording passengers extensive
views of the city, of endless graveyards,
of the Golden Purple Mountain Range,
and the yellow Yangtze River winding
thru the valley. Nothing but ages of
despotism mingled with civilization could
produce such walls. But the New China
that has begun will have no more need
of these walls for protection than New
Japan’ has of her Tokugawa castles.

Confucius’s Temple, with its broad,
yellow-tiled roof, stands on a low hill, a
fitting monument to one of the very
greatest men that ever lived. God gave
Confucius to China and to Japan, I fully

NANKING.

A section of a part of the city that was made desolate by the Taiping Rebellion about fifty years ago, It
is now the drill ground of the new order of soldiers, whose extensive milit coll 1 t
while beyond the city walls are the treeless Golden Purple Mountains. _ ee ee ee

TWO WEEKS IN CHINA

A TYPICAL FOREIGN DWELLING HOUSE IN NANKING

With wide porticoes to roa from the summer heat, for the Yangtze Valle¥ lies in about the same lati-

tude as Mobile. The Unite ¢
massive construction save the porticoes.

believe. Were I a Chinese I would wor-
ship that man. And when China comes
to worship the Son of God, as she surely
will, her Christianity will be of a Con-
fucian type rather than a copy of the sec-
tarian Christianity of the West. As I
looked at the imposing temple gates that
have never been opened, but that are
waiting for a greater than Confucius to
come, and then, entering by a side gate,
saw within, over the altar, the golden-
framed tablet inscribed “Most Holy Sage
Confucius,’ I lifted my hat and felt in
harmony with the words on the right,
“Among the Living None Like Him.”
It was a surprise to find that the common
people do not worship at Confucian tem-
ples; none but officials have that privi-
lege; and it was an added surprise to
hear that the Throne has recently con-
ferred the highest possible posthumous
honor on the Sage by ranking him equal
with Heaven and Earth. The signifi-
cance of this political act seems to be
two-fold. It is regarded by many as one
sign of the present reaction against the
Western religion and progress. And

States Consul lives in this house. Mission school buildings are of the same

when we recall the growing hatred on
the part of the Chinese of the Manchu
Dynasty, this unique deification of their
great Sage by a Manchu Empress may
be an attempt to conciliate the people and
thus. bind into one solid nation both
Manchu and Chinese.

What a remarkable system of competi-
tive examination is manifest in what is
called Examination Hall! There is no
hall, but acres of brick compartments,
3x4 feet, in narrow rows of about one
hundred cells each. We went up into the
central tower that overlooks these rows
of solitary cells in which so many mil-
lions of China’s best young men had
toiled.and won, or fainted with bitter dis-
appointment, and in not a few cases had
died in their cells. We went to the
judges stand where the sentence of suc-
cess or failure was pronounced. And
suddenly we saw a sight that foretells
New China. In rode a high military-
looking officer, and out from the build-
ings adjoining the empty cells came
troops of new soldiers or policemen and
lined up to salute their superior, dressed

988

in Western military uniform. It meant
that Old China is passing away and New
China is in evidence. Instead of Exam-
ination Hall there are now schools of
every grade. Heretofore missionary
compounds with their roomy school
buildings of three stories built with solid
brick, have stood conspicuous within the
walls of Nanking as the only evidence of
Western knowledge and life. But now

THE INDEPENDENT

atmosphere of progress everywhere ap-
parent. China is really awakening.

Soochow

This is one of the oldest cities in the
world, with a population of about half a
million, and famed for its silk, its learn-
ing and its architecture. It is eighty
miles west of one of the newest and most
influential cities of the world, Shanghai,

SS

SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY.
Until a few years ago these grounds were filled with the dead of centuries. They have made way for the

University. Back of this building

containing recitation rooms, laboratories, library, and chapel with 400 seat-

ings, are spacious dormitories, and in front are the homes of the President and Professors.

there are Government schools and col-
leges on a scale that makes the mission
buildings look small. There are the Mili-
tary and Naval Colleges, the Normal
school and middle schools, built in West-
ern style, equipped with modern labora-
tories of chemistry, biology, mineralogy,
geology, physics; there are also maps
and charts of all kinds, as well as botani-
cal, entomological and zodlogical speci-
mens.

Such educational changes are pointers.
The carriage roads thru a large section
of the city, Chinese soldiers drilling in
Western uniform, and the new police
system also are pointers. There is a new

and is joined to it by a new railroad.
All along those eighty miles every look
from the car windows presented a num-
ber of unburied coffins and a countless
number of grassy mounds just a little
larger than the coffins below. It was not
so much graveyards that we saw, rather
we rode eighty miles thru a section of.a
graveyard whose name is China.

It is worth while to study the dead for
a moment since they form a living prob-
lem. Many of them had to get out of
the way for that railroad. This is one
of the significant facts of New China that
are in evidence. The Fungshesi (wind
and water) superstition is losing its

TWO WEEKS IN CHINA

power. . The dead at last can be raised
without hurting them or anybody else,
and very much to the public good. The
splendid university of the South Metho-
dist Mission, in Soochow, stands in an
old graveyard from which over a thou-
sand of ancient and medieval dead were
removed with the friendly aid of the city
authorities and with no sign of displeas-
ure on the part of the people. If the
dead can only be altruistic enough to get
out of the way for railroads and univer-
sities, it will mean the gradual liberation
of China from the costly superstition
with which the gods of Wind and Water
have for ages tyrannized over her mil-
lions.

The city roads compel attention, for
they are as different from Western roads

989

feet wide between solid brick walls twen-
ty feet high, my companion fittingly said -
“This is the Wall Street of Soochow.”
Foreign missions have become one of
the world movements, and every great
city of the East is a center of wide mis-
sionary activity. In this conservative
city live about forty missionaries, men
and women, whose educational, medical
and evangelistic work is certainly tell-
ing on the social and civic life of the
people. The most conspicuous sight as
you approach Soochow is the nine-story
pagoda—the largest in the world—and
next are the twin pagodas. These have
rightly given Soochow the name, Pagoda
City. But also a massive roof and tower
can be seen high above the city walls—
the University of the Southern Metho-

THE ANIMAL AVENUE LEADING ACROSS THE PLAINS OUTSIDE OF THE CITY TO THE MING
MAUSOLEUM.
The Mukden Mausoleum of the founder of the present dynasty

pine grove.

as a sewer is from a subway. Going
thru the Broadway of Soochow is like
going thru a narrow tunnel twenty feet
deep with a crack in the top of its entire
length. For the projecting roofs almost
meet, and the light that might penetrate
below is interrupted by signboards of
every size and shape hanging on both
sides. As we walked thru an alley three

The utter absence of trees in and arvund

so has a similar avenue in a beautiful
anking makes one feel lonesome.

dists. Here world knowledge is impart-
ed by skilled teachers to over a hundred
of the choicest young men of Soochow.
And that Soochow prizes such knowl-
edge is shown by these three facts, that
even graduates of the preparatory course
can easily get positions at $50 a month,
while those of the higher courses can get
double that amount; that Chinese sub-

990

. Scriptions amounted to $15,000 for the
building, and that parents of these yoting
men pay $70 a year for tuition alone,
while board for the same period costs
only $40. When Chinese are willing to
pay for intellectual food imparted under
Christian teachers nearly twice as much
as board costs, it means not only high
praise for Protestant missions, but also
a new attitude toward the West.

Yet there is no government recogni-
tion of mission schools, and their grad-
uates cannot be candidates for official
positions. Now and then a fine scholar
from a mission school rises into favor
and holds an excellent position, but one
can hardly expect a great government
that chafes under exterritoriality to rec-
ognize the graduates of schools carried
on under that hated system, however
worthy the schools may be. And it is not
strange that one of these missionary
teachers should lose his political perspec-
tive so as to publish in The Recorder
these stinging words, “Without govern-
ment aid we must again take up earnest-
ly our work of battering at the ignor-
ance, blindness and folly of this vast na-
tion!” Exterritoriality is one of the
blessings and also one of the curses of
the East. I doubt whether any respon-
sible missionary could make a public
statement like the abdve anywhere ex-
cept under political exterritoriality and

as an agent of exterritorial Christianity. ,.

This reminds me of the unfortunate
tendency that this necessary political sys-
tem fosters among missionaries. Not all

THE INDEPENDENT

by any means come under its withering
influence, but there are a few who have
the habit of forever telling all the: bad
points about the Chinese unrelieved by
one good generous expression of sympa-
thy or the mention of one solid trait of
character. For example, I talked for
two hours with two missionaries, perfect
strangers, and their sweeping character-
izations of the Chinese were repeatedly
expressed in the words “rotten,” “lying.”
This I am glad to say was outside of
Soochow. Inside the city resides a mis-
sionary of wide plans, a true sympathizer
with the Chinese, a man respected and
beloved, who said to me: “I personally
would have no objections to coming un-
der Chinese jurisdiction. I should have
no difficulty with them.” It was significant
of the future to hear such a statement,
for when this spirit permeates, as it sure-
ly will, the whole missionary body of
4,000 men and women, whose profound-
est purpose is to manifest the mind that
is in Christ Jesus, and who long for the
redemption of the nation, then they will
be one of the greatest forces in swinging
the people out from exterritoriality into
equal treaties. I believe the missionaries
of Japan were, by their sympathetic ap-
peals, a valuable help in securing politi-
cal equality for Japan, and when it comes
in China I believe the great sympathetic
movement will be not from the open
ports but from the missionary body,
whose work thru all the-land ought to be
a potent factor in the liberation of China
from political inequality. .

SEnpal, JAPAN.

The Open Shop From the Viewpoint
of a Union Man

BY A. J. PORTENAR

~

MemBer or TypocrarnicaL Union No 6, New Yorg Crrv.

discussion in publications of ev-

Ta open shop is a subject of daily
But altho the vol-

ery character.

ume of literature and oratory offered the - open: ‘

— on the subject is enormous, I sub-
the proposition that it is one-sided.
Agatt from some trade journals printed

for and circulated among union men,
argument on the matter is pee
based on the a assumption that
CS and desirable
a ce is a
great section public not di
connected with trades unions has aed

THE OPEN SHOP

led to form an imperfect judgment be-
cause it has not been enabled to hear the
advocates of both sides.

At the outset, it must: be admitted that
the whole question hinges upon the justi-
fication which can be offered for the ex-
istence of trades unions. The general
introduction of the open shop is equiva-
lent to the destruction of trades unions,
and the open shop is or is not the most
beneficial industrial condition in precise
measure as the trades union is or is not a
desirable institution. Thus it is my two-
fold object to show (a) that unions and
open shop~ cannot exist. at the same
time; (6) that of the two conditions the
continued existence of unions tends to
the greatest good of the greatest number.

Designedly, those who advocate the open
shop have striven to make it appear as
the fair shop; where opportunity for em-
ployment i is equal to all, and where merit
alone is the determining factor for ad-
vancement ; where the walking delegate
does not intrude his unwelcome presence
and sow the seeds of discord between the
just employer and his contented em-
ployees ; where the workman keeps all he
earns instead of supporting the parasites
who foment strife that there may be an
excuse for their being; and, above all,
where the workman is free to exercise

his sacred constitutional right to-contract

with his employer without the unwar-
ranted interference of third parties.

a toes Gee Jew ee the
upon an open-shop Just at this
point I contend that discrimination is
certain to.enter.. Some of the applicants
for em t are non-union. The em-
ployer knows that these will accept a
lower wage than the union has fixed;
they will make nothing more effective
than oe t lengthen-

est to him. pg tye ty rie
to which will obtain the preference?

Let us suppose that this procedure has
continued for several years. Is it con-
ceivable that the disintegrating effect of
such a condition has escaped the notice
of employers? And when the inevitable
. result has been attained ; when men have

ggi

abandoned their union memberships by
hundreds, because it was a handicap in
the effort to obtain and retain employ-
ment; when there is no union, and no
scale of wages, and no schedule of hours,
has the experience of the past taught. us
that employers will none the less pay the
former wage; will just as cheerfully
continue the shorter workday ; will mag-
nanimously refrain from making oppres-
sive shop regulations?

We have concrete illustrations which
furnish the answers to these abstract
questions. We have seen the open shop
established in some places, with the pre-
cise results indicated by the above
queries. Instead of a generous disre-
gard of a man’s union affiliations, to be
suspected of membership in one was suf-
ficient cause for a curt dismissal. Spies
have circulated among the men for the
express purpose of discovering who
might be members or inclined to become
such, and the slightest expression in the
interest of organization was followed by
discharge.

Union men know the open shop is a
closed: shop—closed to them as union
men—which they enter only by depriv-
ing themselves of that which they have
won with such pain and sacrifice; of that.
which the bitter experiences of centuries
has taught them is their most potent
weapon—the right of combination with
their fellows.

Per contra, the union shop is closed to
no mafi. The union welcomes the ad-
herence of every worker in a trade, and
gladly extends its benefits to every one
who will avail himself of them. °

I believe I have demonstrated my first
proposition, i. e., that the open shop is
incompatible with the existence of trades
uhions. It remains to be shown which of
the two industrial conditions is the most
desirable.

The first argument that presents itself
as a justification of trades unionism is
one which concerns the manufacturer
and merchant almost as directly as the
union man. The union obtains for its
members a larger portion of the wealth

they create in the shape of wages. When
they spend their onatine the essentials uf
food and shelter must first be provided; .

clothing will come next in such quality
as the mechanic can afford. If there

992

then remains a surplus, the thousand and
one other things that add to the comfort
and refinement of life may be purchased
according to the financial ability of the
purchaser. But it is evident that if the
essentials take the whole income of the
workman, the other desirable but non-
essential articles must remain on the
shelves of the retail merchant; this again
reacts upon the manufacturer, who finds
the market which absorbs his wares
greatly curtailed. What, then, would it
avail employers as a class to reduce
wages to the point which would permit
nothing more than a bare subsistence?
How would a merchant benefit by cheap-
er good that he could not sell? In so
much as the unions cause wide diffusion
of wealth in the shape of good wages
liberally spent, they are one of the great-
est factors in the upbuilding of true pros-
perity, as opposed to the false prosperity
which reckons a nation’s wealth, but
takes no account of the number who hold
it.

Now we will take up the phase of the
matter presented in the picture of the
walking delegate driving men from con-
genial employment, regardless of the ex-
istence or non-existence of sufficient
grievances. If it is assumed that union
men are hardly as well able to care for
their own interests as a flock of sheep;
that they strike without knowing why,
and endure the hardships and sufferings
entailed as a consequence fer no better
reason than that somebody ordered them
to do so; that they persist in loyalty to
their union, altho deprived of their situa-
tions and robbed of their earnings to —_
pest rt unworthy leaders, only because th <:

intelligence to perceive how mu
better their condition would be outside
of it, then indeed it were a worthy work
to rescue them from their union slavery
and give them open shop freedom. But
if it iecdnpoeded thet union mien sae ot

least on a par with others in knowing

which side of their bread is buttered;
that they are just as keen to get a good
job and as reluctant to leave it as any
other sort of men; that they cam realize
when they are being robbed as quickly

as most people; and that the hardships
of strikes are no more palatable to them
than to other persons with a ap-
dreciation of P vell-filled and

THE INDEPENDENT

well-clad backs, then it must scilee-
ably clear that there is intelligent réason-
ing behind their loyalty to the union idea.
“You cannot fool all the people all. the
time” is as applicable to them as to
others.

The trump card of the open shop advo-
cate is always insistence upon the sacred
right of the individual to work where he
likes, for and with whom he likes, and
for what he likes. Fiery eloquence on
that topic, with an impassioned refer-
ence to the Constitution and the flag, and
something concerning our revered fore-
fathers, mixt and served hot, makes an
apparently effective argument until ex-
amined in the light of cold reason.
Freedom of contract presupposes the
equality of the contracting parties.
What sort of equality exists between the
owner of land, machinery and capital on
the one side, and the owner of nothing
but a pair of hands on the other? It has
been forcibly said that most workmen
have not a month’s wages between them-
selves and the almshouse. Thus the
“freedom” of one of the parties is fatally
circumscribed by the imperative charac-
ter of his necessities. Now, if the posi-
tion of the workman is- still further
prejudiced by the fact that three men are

one job, will it be contended that

er “freedom” remains but that of
se Ae what he can get—with the alter-
native of starving?

The union confers with the employer
as a representative of the individuals who
compose it. All the questions surround-
ing employment in an industry are dis-
cussed, with the result that written con-
tracts for a — period Ey — are
— upon, at living wages or rea~

sonable hours. Will any amount of glow-
ing rhetoric enable the individual to do

as muuch for himself?

bserve, the union fixes a minimum
of wages. There still remains to the in-
dividual unrestricted freedom to contract

viously, ont ie only freedom the union

man has surrendered is the freedom to
enter into deadly competition with his
fellows for the opportunity to labor until

DRESS REFORM IN GERMANY

have been reduced to the level on
which the cheapest of them can exist.

It is thus shown that unions keep up
the wages of their members. They do
more. The non-union man, in receipt of
wages always less than the union scale,
and working longer hours, is neverthe-
less enabled to get more than he other-
wise would if the scale did not exist as
a standard. Thus his wages have been
raised, his hours decreased, his standard
of living bettered, and even his vaunted
freedom of contract in some degree pre-
served, thru the struggles and sacrifices
of other men.

My chain of argument is now com-
pleted. In diagrammatic form it would
appear thus:

Open shop—destruction of trades
unions—unchecked competition for the
opportunity to work—consequent loss of
wages—increase of working hours—de-
creased purchasing powers of the masses
—less employment in store and factory,
making still more difficult the struggle
for existence.

Union shop—more employment for
more men, under better conditions, for
higher wages—more. money to be spent
for the things that add refinement to life
—more work for the men that make and

993

handle these things—a more general dif-
fusion of the products of industry—a dis-
tinctly higher standard of living, with
the mitigation of the most terrible fea-
ture of our industrial system—competi-
tion between the have-nots for the oppor-
tunity to work.

And if further justification of trades
unionism is required, it can be found in
the altruism which prompts it to care for
its sick and aged; to bury its dead and
protect its widows and orphans. Yes,
and it can be found in the fightsit has
made and will make for everything that
tends to the uplifting and betterment of
the race; for the children it has saved
from the deyouring maw of Moloch in.
mine and factory; for the efforts it has
made to destroy the reeking sweatshop
and the filthy tenement ; for the advanced
political stand it has always taken.

We know the conditions which gave
birth to trades unionism. Open shop
means a reversion to those conditions.
Union men understand this clearly
enough ; and, however they may mask it
behind high-sounding phrases, employ-
ers are equally cognizant of that truth.

The fight against the open shop is a
fight for life. The bundle of sticks shall
not become a heap of breakable twigs!

Brooxtyn, New Yorx.

\

Dress Reform in Germany
BY MINNA CAUER

[Frau Cauer is the daughter of a Lutheran clergyman. After her first husband’s death
she fook a teacher’s examinatior with the object of making her profession that of a teacher.
She went to Paris to perfect herself in the French language and filled for a considerable

time a position in a girl’s. school. She married, in Paris, a well-known historian, who died
later in Berlin. After his death she devoted herself to the study of history, and finally
became interested in sociology, and questions of reform, and women’s rights, in general. She
is editor of a paper called The Women’s Movement (Die Frauenbewegung), the best paper
in Germany for the education of women in the fields of politics, business and the home.
She is also a leader of the so-called left wing, or “Party of the Left,” in the woman’s suf-
frage movement of Germany, the party whose aim is the practical advancement of the
cause of women in all its various forms.—Eprror.]

NE of the most fascinating topics
of modern investigation is the

The idea that fashion was less slavish-
ly followed in the earlier centuries than

history of national costumes and
the development of fashion. It is most
intimately connected with the hi tory of
the people, their commercial ivities
and the flowering of their art.

now is utterly false. The laws and regu-
lations of the Middle Ages tell us only
too plainly that the costumes of that »
period were so exaggerated that they
had to be restricted by law.

994

- As late as the beginning of the
eighteenth century we find thruout the
Continent laws restraining not only the
luxurious habits of the women, but also
the unprecedented mania for fashion
among the men. In the sixteenth cen-
tury, for instance, the legal width of a
man’s trousers was reduced to twelve or
thirteen ells, as the wealthier and the
more distinguished citizens had occasion-
ally been using one hundred and thirty
ells for these necessary garments!

They say that in Berlin one of the old
Grand Dukes, who was very rigid on the
question of the sumptuary laws, had
given orders that if a man were seen
upon the street wearing these tremend-
ous baggy breeches, they were imme-
diately to be ripped off him!

The men wore most brilliant colors,
got themselves up like guys, and adopted
many of the foolish fashions of the
women. They padded their chests, be-
decked themselves with jewels and lace
—and even went so far as to wear low-
necked doublets !—instances of this fash-
ion being known in the fifteenth century.

Finally, when they became such cari-
catures of the women, the English took
it up, and, in the eighteenth century, they
became the champions of simplicity in
dress and the arbiters of men’s fashions
from that time forth. Trimness, elegance
of cut, and an irreproachable texture are
the hall marks of taste as they have es-
tablished it.

The subject of women’s dress, how-
ever, is far more difficult and intricate.
Here, so many things must be considered
other than in the question of men’s cloth-
ing. Women claim the proud title of
“Standard-bearers of Beauty!” but, ac-
cording to my motion, they can only jus-
tify this claim by freeing fashion from
the tyranny of fad and luxury.

A serious phase in this question is the
average feminine education. Women
are brought up from their earliest child-
hood to study the art of pleasing—that is,
pleasing by their personal appearance.
Their one aim is to correct and overcome
all natural deficiencies. This matter of
assisting nature has been carried so far
that the human body has been tortured
out of all shape, and a naturally beautiful
figure is a most unheard of thing in mod-
ern times. The old Greeks and Romans

THE INDEPENDENT

never fell into this error, for their
innate sense of beauty preserved them
from it. Loose flowing garments were
the rule in those countries.

We shall never quite know whether
women themselves are altdgether re-
sponsible for the idiotic vagaries and
foolish exaggerations of fashion, or
whether they are evolved in the ateliers
of the tailors and designers to further
their own interests and those of the
manufacturers. One thing is certain.
however, that the welfare of our indus-
tries hangs closely together. with the
trend of our fashion and the more or less
artistic development of our ideas. And
we are convinced that for the last hun-
dred years the tailors have set the fash-
ions, and the women have simply allowed
themselves to be dressed—a deplorable
sign of women’s subjection to man’s au-
thority.

The tailors and manufacturers, to-
gether concoct the most unutterable ab-
surdities, and the women hasten to obey
their dictates, and fall in line at the first
notes of the familiar tune—‘“It is the very
latest thing out!”

Recently the reform movement, how-
ever, has begun to assert itself, and here
in Germany, at least, the women have
risen and proclaimed a crusade against
the tyranny of the tailors, declaring their
rulings to be both unsanitary and absurd.

“Health is Beauty,” is their battle cry.
But stronger than this is the argument
that only a healthy woman can perfectly
fulfil the highest purposes of her life.
So it is easy to see why the best of our
women have united to denounce the old-
fashioned “straight-jacket”—which may
have given us a fashionable figure, but
never yet a beautiful one.

The human frame is tortured out of
all semblance of beauty, and not only
that, it is absolutely deformed. And as
many thousands of women are now
called upon to earn their own living,
standing in the ranks of the wage work-
ers, as the men have heretofore, it be-
hooves them to fit themselves for the
struggle with the proper accoutrements
—sensible and healthful clothes. The
matter of beauty must be the second con-
sideration !

Of course, the frivolous element—the
women whose only aim is to serve as a

DRESS REFORM IN GERMANY

decoration and who are incapable of any-
thing else, can get themselves up in their
coats of mail, may lace as much as they
like, and can revel in the luxury of their
“great moment of relief” as some woman
said with unconscious satire in address-
ing a club meeting in Berlin. “I couldn’t
think of going without my corsets,” she
declared. “No amount of freedom in the
world could compensate me for that one

MINNA CAUER.
From Photograph by M. Schurgast, Berlin.

brief moment of ineffable bliss when I
first take them off at night.”

This instrument of torture not only
cramps the body, but it stunts the heart,
the mind and the sensibilities of woman-
kind. The young Emperor of China, in
establishing the first girl’s school in that
kingdom, ordered that none of the schol-
ars should be allowed to bind their feet-—
a wise regulation that. Perhaps now the
more civilized women will at last come to

995

the realization of the fact also that the
natural development of their thoughts
and ideals is hampered by the torture
they subject themselves to.

The women’s movement in Germany is
in deadly earnest on the subject of dress
reform, and fights steadily on, in spite of
the sneering attacks of the “Mondaines,”
as they call themselves in their fine
French. A small handful of women,
however, are fighting alone, for all the
interests of German industry are arrayed
against them. Yet they are accustomed
to a hard, unequal struggle.

To be sure, this question of dress re-
form will never be settled until women
assert their independence and strike out
for themselves on commercial and pro-
fessional lines, at the same time assert-
ing their right to dress as they please,
and not conform to the dictates of tailors
and manufacturers whose profit depends
upon the distortion of the natural lines of
beauty.

Many things indicate that this great
change is now about to take place. The

corset has been put upon the “black-

list.” To be sure, it still exists, but it
has had to make all sorts of concessions
to assure its continued existence. There
are thousands of new and improved
models, and the manufacturers complain
bitterly that their profits are falling off.
Even in Paris, that El Dorado of corset
worshipers, the designers are inventing
all sorts of draperies to do away with the
old rigid lines of the conventional figure.

In Germany, however, the movement
has not yet been supported as it should
be by the medical fraternity. Of course,
in the better health resorts the patients
are made to dress sensibly during their
stay, but as soon as they recover they
revert to their ancient ideas, finding the
“wasp waist”—the violent compression
of the thorax—a thing of beauty. That
the most important functions of the body
are hampered by it, the hips made vul-
garly pronounced, and a woman’s walk
and carriage rendered hideous, are minor
considerations with them—all they want
is style.

Difficult as the introduction of the
corset reform has been, the matter of
hygienic underclothing, on the other
hand, has had a tremendous following.
Women no longer weigh themselves

THE INDEPENDENT

down with countless unnecessary petti-
coats, and many prefer the lighter
weight tights or bloomers. Shopkeepers
have tried to resurrect the voluminous
whaleboned petticoat, with its yards of
fluffy ruffles and its elaborate trimmings,
but only the fashion plates of society—
whose one great mission in life is the
latest shape of a hat or the dernier cri
in the hang of a skirt—patronize these
remarkable inventions.

The women of the reform movement
have as great a desire to appear to ad-
vantage as their sisters; they admire in-
dividuality and beauty quite as much,
but they have not devoted their whole
lives to these matters. To tell the truth,
they are somewhat bored at the eternal
and unending discussion of this question
of clothes. They have better things to
think of—the progress of the world and
the work of the individual. Consequent-
ly the early development of woman’s
dress reform was practical and utilitarian
rather than beautiful, and more attention
was paid to the mandates of health than
to the dictates of form.

So the Mother Hubbard effect was in-
vented, which we must admit transforms
the average woman (and we concede
that most Germans have exceedingly
clumsy figures) into a human caricature
of a marsupial. Yet this style was only
transitory, and has long since been super-
seded. Even among those who, from
motives of economy, or lack of taste, still
wear them, they are modified and im-
proved. If the material is soft and
hangs well, and the figure well propor-
tioned and slender, this style of gown
may be made most attractive.

We must remember that well-cut re-
form gowns are tremendously expensive,
and that the ordinary “Empire” is not;
so the latter is very much more worn
by our representative women who are en-
gaged in practical professions.

There are very few good shops that
make a specialty of reform clothing, and
these few keep the prices up—in fact,
they find it necessary, for it is so much
less work to make a gown fit snugly over
a well-cut corset than to follow the soft
and flowing outline of the natural fig-
ure. Consequently, really beautiful ef-
fects can only be made by the use of ex-
pensive materials.

It is well known that Eleanora Duse
never wears a corset, and dresses always
in the most exquisite of reform clothes,
with long lines and simple draperies.
Yet, as we all know, this takes money,
and a tremendous amount of money, too;
and, more than all that, a slender and
willowy figure—and last, but not least,
distinction.

The wearing of the clothes. That’s the
secret of success in all dress reform. As
the materials: must necessarily be soft
and clinging and reveal so much of the
figure, it takes no end of “distinction” in
the matter of carriage to wear a reform
gown successfully. The owner’s indi-
viduality must be carried out in her
gown, and the frock and its wearer must
be one harmonious whole. Then the im-
pression is perfect, and beauty is the re-
sult.

Many artists have given their attention
to this subject, and have evolved won-
derful creations, invariably striking,
sometimes attractive, but always elabo-
rate, so that they would only be suitable ~
for the “Mondaine.” Then it became the
fashion among the “Upper Ten” to wear
elaborate tea gowns and Empire dinner
gowns. It was considered “smart.” That
was the whole secret of its popularity.

But that was not the idea of the re-
form movement. We needed a radical
change in women’s views on questions of
health, beauty and fitness. e special
object of our crusade is, of course, the
corset ; but all the exaggerations of fash-
ion—dyeing the hair, painting the face
and the wearing of stuffed birds and ani-
mals, and especially the extremes of
décolleté—come under the ban.

The antiquated specimen of femininity
is divided from her more advanced sis-
ter by a deep and impassable gulf. A
-woman with modern ideas of sense and
good taste will never allow herself to be
dictated to in the matter of fashion, but
will develop her own ideas of beauty
along her own lines.

It must be admitted, however, that re-
form dress is more suited to the house
than to the street. I think I have never
yet seen a successful walking gown on
the reform plan. As a general rule the
most suitable are simply the straight-cut
English tailor suits worn without a
corset.

CLIMB DOWN

As we all know, the love of out-door
sports has done more than any other one
thing to bring about a more sensible sys-
tem of dressing. The more women in-
terest themselves in swimming, rowing,
skating and wheeling, the better it will
be for the cause. At no time in the
past has woman’s life been so free and
untrammeled, and, naturally, her cloth-

ing adapts itself to her life. :
' The next proposition is to make the
women set the fashions and not blindly
conform to them—to inspire them to
plan a suitable costume. All we need
now is a simple tasteful walking model
on practical, yet artistic, lines. If some
one could evolve this, and invent a soft
and pliable material in which to carry it
out cheaply, our cause would soon be
won.

Paris and Vienna now set the fashions
for all the world, yet even they are be-
ginning to feel the influence of the Ger-
man health reform in dress, and are
themselves making concessions. In mat-
ters of good taste the Parisienne is the
standard; the Viennese is well known
also for her “chic,” and no one can com-
pete with the English on the lines of
practical simplicity, yet in questions of
hygiene in dress the German women are
coming to the front. They must learn a
lesson from the Parisienne and the
Viennese, however, and take a leaf out
of the practical book of the English
woman ; and then, combining utility and
beauty, they may yet dictate to the world
in matters of fashion. At present, un-

Climb
BY WILL ATKINSON
Do you wonder Christ’s words merely mock him,
That he thinks Christian virtues we lack,

When we take each week six days to plunder,
And fasten our load on his back!

Tue peril in China is yellow,
At home, here, they say it is black!
There will ever be peril to some one
Till man shal! climb down from man’s back!

Th have sung ‘of our burdens out yonder,

They have told us their morals are slack!

But the white man’s sore burden will vanish
When we get off the darker man’s back!

We may drive in the Bible with bayonets,
e may set war’s grim hounds on his track,
But we'll never do much for the brown man
Till we take all our weight from his back!

997

fortunately, they are very far from that
goal..

Foreigners still look with withering
scorn upon our antiquated German
styles. They are unjust, however, for
we have made greater strides in the last
ten years than any other nation in
Europe. The women of Germany have
just been thru such a strenuous period
of development, and have made such
radical changes in their inner life and
their relations to society, that they have
had neither the time nor the strength to
think of anything but the breaking up of
their traditional forms and conventions.

Not that the highest period of their
possible development has yet been
reached, and our women stand on the
same plane as the men; but so much has
already been done, and the worst is over:
so now she looks about to see what she
can do for the betterment of her outward
conditions. She begins to think of her-
self—her home and her personal adorn-
ment—to bring these both into harmony
with her new individuality. She wants
to be self-sufficient and independent of
the whims of a passing moment.

The old style of dress is neither nor-
mal nor beautiful, nor has it the distinc-
tion of elegant simplicity. The funda-
mental principles of our dress reform
must be the beauty of fitness and the
beauty of form. And these ideals can
only be realized by women who have the
courage of their own convictions, and
are willing to stand out against the
mighty current of conventionality.

Beriin, GERMANY.

Down

Some at home take pleasure in slumming,
To see how men live in a shack;

But if from suff’ring you’d free him,
Just get off the poorer man’s back!

God’s skies will grow golden with promise,
God’s harvest will meet every lack,

And brothers will all the wide world be
When we get off the other man’s back!
Curcaco, IL.

Literature

Pree RHE SS
Shik a rag)
Pi) at ened Soe
Oe ee

American Legislatures

THE volume on American Legislatures
and Legislative Methods,* in the Amer-
ican States Series, edited by Professor
Willoughby, is contributed by Professor
Reinsch, who has already won for him-
self no slight reputation as a student of
practical politics and colonial affairs.
For the benefit of the person deficient in
elementary knowledge on the structure,
functions and powers of the Federal
Congress and the State legislatures, the
author has dealt with these topics as suc-
cinctly and readably as the critic could
desire. But the volume contains more
than handbook information; it takes up
many interesting and vital topics which
escape the bespectacled gentlemen who
pore over written constitutions with calf-
bound volumes of the Supreme Court
reports in hand. The function of the
committee in American legislation, the
practical influence of parties bearing in
on government at every point, the posi-
tion of the legislator as party man and
leader, and innumerable other concrete
factors in American political life are duly
emphasized and wisely discussed. Pro-
fessor Reinsch even goes farther into
more intangible but no less real questions
such as the perversion of legislative
action, public forces influencing legis-
latures and the legislative product itself.
That it is no mere perfunctory piece of
work drawn from formal documents with
slight effort is evidenced by a single
passage:

“The dominating influence of the Senate in
party organization was never more clearly
shown than in the Republican convention of
1900. Both the temporary and permanent
chairmen were Senators; the four nomination
speeches were made by Senators; and there
were seven Senators on the most important
committee, that on Resolutions which drafted
the national platform. The National Com-
mittee appointed by the convention contained
five Senators, among them Hanna (as chair-
man) and Quay. The advisory council ap-
pointed by the National Committee had three

Senatorial members, among them Platt and
Depew; while Hanna, Quay and Scott were

*AMERICAN LEGISLATURES AND LEGISLATIVE METH-
ops. By P. S, Reinsch. New York: The Century
Company. $1.25.

998

members of the Executive Committee. So
well organized was the Senatorial group at
this time that the selection of the Presidential
candidate was largely determined by their dis-
cretion, both in 1896 and in 1900.”

The gentle wielder of the rake will
find much material for contemplation in
the chapter on the perversion of legis-
lative action, and those who want. to
make people “good” by law will do well
to read the same pages. How comfort-
ing it is to find that an investigation of
a railway scandal in Wisconsin away
back before the war revealed the fact
that nearly a million in bonds had been
judiciously distributed among the legis-
lators and eminent politicians. Mr. Bel-
mont’s slight contribution to the Civic
Federation at the expense of New York
City. may be regarded therefore as evi-
dence of improvement, and we may sit
with him on the platform of the Federa-
tion meetings without feeling any dis-
comfort—apology being made to Jevon’s
logic.

Professor Reinsch, however, does not
believe in indiscriminate criticism of
State legislatures. On the contrary, he
rightly emphasizes the importance of the
powers enjoyed by them—touching ev-
ery point of our social and economic life
—and pleads for an intelligent study of
the operations of these institutions, a
sane and impartial criticism, a sustained
effort to support honest men who are
working for just and effective legisla-
tion, and an elevation of the legislature
to that plane of public importance which
it deserves. Without a doubt there is
room in the citizen’s library for such a
useful and suggestive study of national
and State politics.

r]
The Greatness and Decline of
Rome

Tus recent book,* by an_ Italian
author, is well translated. The frontis-

*Tuz GREATNESS AND DeEcLINE oF Rome. By Gug-
liemo Ferrero. Translated by Alfred E. Zimmern,
M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford.
Vol. I, The Empire Builders, 328 pp. Vol. Il, Julius
-_ 389 pp. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
5.25.

LITERATURE

piece gives a bust of Czsar, whose face
is lean, spare and highly intellectual, with
the forehead extraordinarily high, the
towering brow equaling the hight of the
rest of the face. The book is equipped
with a long list of authorities, a good
index, a table of contents and four ap-
pendixes. The first four chapters of
about a hundred pages are introductory.
The rest of the two volumes, a contin-
uance of which is intended, are devoted
mainly to Czsar, his friends and his
enemies.

What manner of man was Czsaf?
The picture which the best historians,
with Mommsen at their head, have
drawn, is this: Cesar up to over the
fortieth year of his life had been a cit-
izen of considerable importance. Ham-
pered by debts and comparative poverty
he became in 60 B. C. consul, and at the
end of his year went to Gaul as pro-con-
sul, choosing hard knocks rather than
dangling around the capital. Far from
Rome he wrought out success after suc-
cess in battling with the Gauls, successes
which at Rome were at first belittled and
then feared. Pompey, the fortunate, was
resting in the pride of his laurels easily
won in fighting Mithradates and the
pirates. Czsar was giving and taking
hard knocks, in far-off Gaul, and devel-
oping a genius for strategy. His aristo-
cratic enemies at Rome called him brag-
gart and charlatan, and declared his great
successes too easily won to be real. All
Rome, blinded by Pompey’s former
glory, talked lightly of poor Cesar, with
his sham victories and sensational re-
ports. These victories were really won
by the hardest of fighting, in which he
never flinched. With an almost reckless
daring he drew his lines around the great
Gallic city, Alesia, and was in turn en-
circled by many times his numbers. But
he “greatly stood at bay” until he had
won the city. His annexation of Gaul
and Britain to the empire was complete.
All this was done by a strategy, the main
part of which was reckless daring. But
as he always succeeded in the end, he be-
came the idol of his army, which was
always ready to die for him. To them
where Czsar’s camp was there was
Rome.

When Pompey had long basked in
sunshine at Rome, Cesar, now sure of

999

himself, choosing rather “to be the.first
man in a little village than the second
man in Rome,” came down from his
province, appeared at Ravenna, on the
road to Rome, and crossed the Rubicon.
Pompey, the Great, felt his power de-
parting from him. He hoped to breathe
amore congenial air in the East, to
which he fled. But when Cesar had at-
tended to unfinished business in Rome
and in Spain he was close upon Pom-
pey’s heels.

At Dyrrhachion Cesar offered battle
with forces less than half those of Pom-
pey, and was beaten. Again he was
beaten. But neither he nor his soldiers
flinched. Then came the day at Pharsa-
los. The armies were both Roman, both
eager to fight; but at ‘the first serious
clash Pompey’s army went to pieces.
The field was not even seriously dis-
puted. Czsar lost only 200 men, while
15,000 of Pompey’s soldiers lay dead
upon the field, and 20,000 surrendered on
the next day. And this was Roman
against Roman.

The chief defect of the book is the in-
clination to disparage the deeds of
Czsar. In the case of Pharsalos this
was, of course, impossible. But “The
losses sustained by the Helvetii during
the war,” says the author, “were very
slight.” But 276,000 Helvetii are re-
ported by Cesar as slain. While we are
just reading that things are going very
badly with Cesar we suddenly hear “The
annexation of Gaul produced a powerful
impression.” But there is no recanta-
tion of the statement that “the conquest
of Britain had been a complete fiasco.”
Then we read “Czsar’s prestige was on
the wane.” “The old confidence in
Czsar was badly shaken. Just now
Cesar was making a serious mistake in
lavishly showering upon Italy and the
empire the plunder that he had collected
in Gaul.” “One of the greatest mistakes
made by all historians of Cesar is the as-
sertion that after Pharsalia and Thapsos
he was practically omnipotent, sole-mas-
ter of the republic and of the Roman
world. In truth, he was nothing of the
kind.” “Sulla had saved the whole em-
pire from imminent destruction and res-
cued an entire class of citizens from po-
litical extinction. Cesar had not emerged
triumphant from a revolution; he had

1000

merely happened to win in a civil war
brought about in a peaceful and peace-
loving country, thru the rivalry of two
political cliques. He had neither the
prestige to inspire one-tenth of the terror
or admiration of Sulla, nor an army on
whose fidelity he could rely, nor a body
of supporters united in their aims and
ideals.” “Under twentieth-century con-
ditions he might have become a captain
of industry in the United States or a
great pioneer or mine owner or empire
builder in South Africa.”

Thus, in spite of occasional praise, a
belittling tone constantly comes up. Let
us rather say with Mommsen of Czsar:

“He worked and created as never any
mortal did before or after him, and as a
worker and creator he still lives, after mil-
lenniums in the memory of the nations, the
first and also the only péror, Czsar.”

Js

Southern Life and Leaders

Ir has frequently been remarked that
one of the reasons for the obvious sym-
pathy of Europe, and especially England,
with the Confederate cause, was due to
the existence in the old South of a type
of civilization more easily intelligible to
European minds than that of the North.
An aristocracy founded on agriculture
and birth distinction understood and was
understood by European society, while
the industrial organization of the North
was relatively foreign to European com-
prehension. The truth of this general-
ization is today constantly emphasized,
whether in the technical works of the
masters of the Southern field—Brown,
Phillips, Fleming or Rhodes—or in the
writings of the better class of popular
historians.

Philip Alexander Bruce, already well
known as the author of the best treatise
on the economic history of a colonial
commonwealth, now appears in the at-
tempt to reconstruct the social life of
Virginia during the seventeenth century.’
To the origin of the higher planting class,
and the causes of social distinctions, he
devotes more than half of his small vol-
ume ; the amusements and pastimes of his
people occupy the remainder. Probably
no antiquarian ‘in Virginia could draw

4Socta, Lire oF VIRGINIA IN THE SEV
Century. By Philip Alexander Bruce. (Privately
wal 499 . For sale by the Bell Book mpany,

irginia, $1.60, postpaid.)

THE INDEPENDENT

upon a larger body of source-material -
for this purpose than our author has
done. The limitations in result are those
naturally belonging to the antiquarian as
distinguished from the historian. His
picture of colonial life is clearly, drawn,
and his thesis of the essential similarity
between English and Virginia conditions
well maintained. But the view of the
antiquarian is as manifest upon the
thought of the volume as the hand of the

local printer is obvious upon its letter-

press. At times Mr. Bruce’s local pride
gets the better of his logic, as when he
follows up a statement (p. 178) of the
superiority of Virginia sobriety over that
of England, with a series of quotations
and incidents (pp. 179, 180, 244) which
seem to us to point to the reverse of his
conclusion. In more serious matters his
judgment is excellent.

In the ante-bellum diplomatic service
the Southern gentleman, with his social
ideals so closely similar to those of
Europe, had more than his share of in-
fluence; and it is interesting, if not im-
portant, that a British subject became the
diplomatic head of the Confederate gov-
ernment. The career of Judah P. Ben-
jamin*® winning his way in Louisiana
law, business and politics, administering
the Confederate State Department thru-
out most of the war, and then, after mid-
dle life, returning to his mother country
to sit out the beginner’s terms at Lin-
coln’s Inn and gain a commanding place
at the British bar, goes to show that the
aristocratic, caste organization of the
South did not close the way to either
ability or race. Mr. Butler has not had
access to any considerable body of new
material in preparing this biography of
the Jewish lawyer. Thanks to Mr. Ben-
jamin’s deliberate attempt to foil the his-
torian and biographer, only a few dozen
of his letters escaped the fireplace. But
these, reinforced by personal recollec-
tions and a careful study of contem-
porary newspapers, have been used to
excellent advantage. The only great
contribution of the volume is in its or-
derly assembling of materials which are
familiar, in detail, to the average his-
torian.

3Jupan P. Benyamin. By Pierce Butler. _Phila-
delphia: Goose W. Jacobs & Co., 1907. In the
American Cr Biographies, $1.25 net.

LITERATURE

The life of Robert E. Lee® follows that
- of Benjamin in Dr. Oberholtzer’s series
of American Crisis, Biographies. Mr.
Bruce has converted his biography into
a eulogy; but the present trend of his-
torical opinion makes us willing to listen
with considerable approval to even a
Southern panegyric upon the most hon-
orable product of secession. We agree
with extreme judgments in favor of Gen-
eral Lee, at the start, and our chief com-
ment upon the author’s effort in praise is
that it is unnecessary. The work, how-
ever, has certain distinct virtues. We
know of no better or fairer statement of
the Virginia theory of constitutional law
and secession than that which here pre-
pares the reader’s mind (p. 64-85) for
Colonel Lee’s resignation of his com-
mand in the United States army, and his
refusal of the proffered command of the
Northern army of invasion. We are to-
day less certain than our fathers were
that the reply to Hayne contains the
whole of the Law and the Gospel. And
we are willing to admit the existence of
reasonable doubts and their resulting
changes in some of our accepted his-
torical views.

The three books of Southern history
before us are all written in the honorable
desire to accept the results of the war
without admitting dishonor in the losing
cause. They illuminate, in the aggre-
gate, many points of Southern history,
yet they reveal some of the striking
weaknesses in present Southern history
writing. We are far from believing that
the Northern writer, academic or other-
wise, possesses a monopoly of historical
skill, but we wish that more Southern
writers, including these authors, had a
broader acquaintance with the general
facts of history and a smaller degree of
devotion to the “lost cause.” Devotion
to any “cause” goes far to incapacitate
the historian.

2
The Human Side of Animals

SomMEHOow the most popular of the
vast flood of nature books are those
dealing with animal life. Perhaps this
is because we are more interested in
animals as the guide-posts marking the

*Ropert E. Lee. By Philip Alexander Bruce. Phila-
delphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1907. In the
American Crisis Biographies, $1.25 net.

100i

way which man has past in his long
evolutionary journey to the summit of
nature. Perhaps it is simply because
we see in animals so many life activities
resembling our own so closely that sym-
pathetic interest is aroused. Perhaps
there are still better explanations, but
certainly for some very deep reason we
are more and more becoming enchanted
by books which present the facts and
especially the fictions of the “human
side” of animal life. The well-known
books by Kipling, Long, Seton-Thomp-
son, Roberts and others are so familiar
that, like the novels of yesterday, they
no longer satisfy; and so a hearty wel-
come is sure to be extended to new ani-
mal books such as the three which call
for the following review:

Wild Animal Celebrities’ relates the
actual life stories of celebrated animals,
many of which are still living in the
menageries and zodlogical gardens of
Europe and America. Children—small
ones and those of larger growth who
are still young in spirit—will certainly
read with delight the sketches of fa-
mous lions, bears, elephants, monkeys,
dogs and other animals. Here we find
the life sketches of our old friends,
“Wallace,” the untamable lion ; “Jumbo,”
the king of elephants; “Sally,” the
bright chimpanzee; “Bridge,” Lieuten-
ant Peary’s magnificent Eskimo dog;
and many others, especially those we
have seen in the great New York
Zodlogical Park. Such a book ought to
be read by every one who visits collec-
tions of wild animals.

The Haunters of the Silences’ is like
its companion volumes, “The Kindred
of the Wild” and “Watchers of the
Trails,” except in the selections of ani-
mals as subjects of sketches. The
stories are said to be in line with ac-
curate natural history. However, it is
not concerning questions: of observed
facts so much as the interpretations that
scientific men will have a quarrel with
the author of this and with those of sim-
ilar books. The fundamental question
is whether wild animals think and rea-
son and have emotions and in still other
ways closely resemble the psychologic
By Ellen Velvin. New
1.00

ILENCES. By Charles G.
C. Page & Co. $2.00,

1Witp ANIMAL CELEBRITIES.
York: Moffat, Yard & Co
2Tux HAUNTERS OF THE
D. Roberts. Boston: L.

1002 THE INDEPENDENT

life of the human species. The author
emphatically reaffirms his belief that
“the actions of animals are governed
not only by instinct, but also, in varying
degree, by processes essentially akin to
those of human reason.” But some-
thing akin to human reason would hard-
ly be sufficient for many of the situa-
tions in this book, for the author’s ani-
mals do things which only the human
mind does. To take one of numerous
examples: “As soon as she [the old
bear] realized that her strength was fail-
ing, she was seized with fear. What
would become of the cub if she were
killed?” Here the interpretation in-
volves not only human reason in a com-
plicated form, but also knowledge of
death and its consequences. We may
be ready to admit the general proposi-
tion that some animals show some simi-
larity to human mental processes, but
before we can accept such a reading as
. the above we must be ready to admit
that animals completely equal the hu-
man mind in some complicated process.
We must also have some proof of how
the old bear learned the symptoms of
approaching death and on what basis of
previous experience she instantly rea-
soned out the probable consequences to
her helpless offspring. When an author
plunges so far into the realm of imagi-
nation in reading human life into ani-
mal life, can we wonder that reputable
psychologists who have critically studied
animals insist that such writings are
‘essentially fiction? Obviously they are
not contributions to science. True, the
book contains plenty of well - known
facts; but it is primarily a book of in-
terpretations, and in making these the
free play of a good imagination has
woven the facts into the fictions of the
“human side” of animal life.

The third book, Wayeeses, the White
Wolf, is an extract from “Northern
Trails.” The accuracy of certain state-
ments has been called in question; but
accepting the statements as they stand,
we must recognize that the author in his
characteristic style has read human life
into his animal heroes. The remarks
above apply here also.

In conclusion, the criticisms above

SWayYeEEsES, THE Wuite Wotr. By W. J. Long.
: Ginn & Co. $1.00.

must not be taken as meaning con-
demnation of such books. Tho we have
reviewed them from the standpoint of a
critical man of science, yet we believe
that such animal fiction has an im-
portant place, not in science, but in lit-
erature. Their moral value is great,
but they should be read with the spirit
and the understanding which even chil-
dren soon learn to apply to ordinary

fiction.
&

Some Higher Ministries of Recent English
Poetry. By F. W. Gunsaulus. ew
York: Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25.

Time runs so fast nowadays that for
an instant the word “recent” suggests
only a discourse upon Watson, Kipling
or Henley, and it is with a pleasant sense
of assurance that one opens Dr. Gun-
saulus’s pages to a larger theme. The
four lectures deal with the distinctively
Christian element in the writings of
Arnold, Tennyson and Browning, the in-
troductory essay treating of the prepara-
tory influence of Shelley, Wordsworth
and Coleridge. Of these he writes:

“Now when thus the religious man of eighty
years ago in England came to do his own
thinking, the men who most of all had repre-
sented those forces which were both to make
his spiritual problem and solve it, were Shel-
ley, Wordsworth and Coleridge.”

Of the subjects of the further essays he

adds:

“Unquestionably this perfect understanding
which Arnold, Tennyson and Browning have
of the new relations which science has made
to exist among old truths, and that percep-
tion which they give us of the significance
of the newly-found truths to religious thought
and to the spiritual life, have made them
supremély helpful to our feverish and startled
ge.”

The classic stoicism of Matthew Arnold
Dr. Gunsaulus finds always noble, always
self-reliant, yet always unsatisfied, al-
ways unfinished, as if waiting for some
revelation fulfilling the human desires it
voices. The paper on Tennyson empha-
sizes his portrayal of conscience and the
inevitable results of sin as brought out in
the Idyls of the King. In Browning the
religious element is constantly present,
in the pictures of outward nature, in the
struggles between right and wrong of
the characters in the dramas, in the meta-
physical questionings of the monologs.
Arnold, by his very lack; Tennyson, by

LITERATURE 1003

his delineation of life; Browning, by his
direct themes, all return continually to
the need for the human element in
answer to the religious yearning of man-
kind. Dr. -Gunsaulus’s essays are
scholarly and seriously suggestive, and
give a broad view of the thought and of
the influence of these three masters of
the last century.

Memoirs and Artistic Studies of Adelaide
Ristori. New York: Doubleday, Page &
Co. $2.50.

However barely written, the incidents
of such a life as Madame Ristori’s can-
not fail of interest. Her autobiography
has not literary quality, and it is marred
in the translation by a faulty English that
editing might, it would seem, easily have
been bettered. But it presents an eager
and indomitable character and fascinat-
ing career of deserved success. Its very
absence of detail and of finish shows it
the work of one absorbed jn other tasks.
What the memoir lacks in fulness is
somewhat made up by the introductory
note of the translator and a paper by Mr.
L. D. Ventura. This includes several
delightful letters from Madame Ristori
making the reader regret that the
memoirs could not have been penned in
that easy and intimate manner. That
would surely have preserved a host of
entertaining incidents from the constant
journeyings over Europe and North and
South America; spirited pictures. of the
actress contemporaries, Legouve, Rachel,
Salvini, Rossi, Booth, and wise comment
on affairs. The studies of her principal
characters, Mary Queen of Scots, Queen
Elizabeth, Lady Macbeth, Phedre,
Myrrha, Medea, are of interest even to
those who never saw Ristori, showing
the close analysis and severe study she
gave her parts, and her own lofty ideal

of character.
&

The Dog’s Medical Dictionary. An Ency-
clopedia of the Diseases, Their Diag-
nosis and Treatment, and the Physical
Development of the Dog. By A. J.
Sewell, M.R.C.V.S. New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co. $2.00.

This book gives an abundance of de-
tailed information with regard to the
many ailments of the dog and their treat-
ment.. The many who are interested in
this domestic pet will find very nearly

everything that they can possibly want
to know with regard to these animals and
what to do for them, not only when they
are ill, but also when they are well. The
information, however, especiaily with re-
gard to remedies, is given with such
minute detail that we anticipate some
abuses from the overconfidence of those
who know nothing of the nature of the
remedies employed. The real crux in
the illness of animals, even more than in
men, is the diagnosis. It is very easy to
be mistaken in this matter. If a certain
diagnosis is made with confidence on in-
sufficient grounds, a remedy may be ad-
ministered which is not only not bene-
ficial, but may even be seriously harmful.
The instructions, however, for the feed-
ing of dogs, for their care in times of ill-
ness, the details of bandaging and of
manipulations that will benefit the animal
after accidents are all of them calculated
to save much suffering and will be hu-
manely useful.

Lexicon to the English Poetical Works of
ohn Milton. y Laura E. Lockwood,
h.D., Associate Professor of English

Language in Wellesley College. 12mo,
pp. xii, 671. New York: The MacMillan
Co. $3.00.

Bradshaw’s “Concordance” to Mil-
ton’s Poems is here supplemented by a
very valuable Lexicon, in which all but
the smaller words are interpreted and
all-passages noted. The volume will be
almost indispensable to the student of the
English poet most worth the studying.
That it is perfect the author does not and
cannot claim, but what faithful and in-
telligent diligence could supply is here
given. It allows the student to compare
the uses of a word by referring to its
occurrences elsewhere; and this is espe-
cially important in an author so rich in
meaning and vocabulary as is Milton.
We have attempted to test the work by
a single short poem, the “Lycidas,” and
we have only the following points of
criticism on that difficult poem: “Gray-
fly,” 1. 28, cannot mean the “trumpet-
fly,” for that is a bot-fly, or gad-fly,
which does not “wind her sultry horn.”
The “star,” 1. 30, cannot be Hesperus,
for we are told that it “rose at evening
bright.” “Taint-worm,” 1. 46, is omitted
in its place, altho we are referred to it
under “Worm.” “Clear,” 1. 70, does not

~~

THE INDEPENDENT

mean “free from sin, innocent, pure,”
but has the sense of the Latin clarus.
“Touch my trembling ears,” p. 77, needs
to be explained by “tetigit aures.” That
“Plea,” 1. 90, means “defense’’ is not easy
to see; but “Neptune’s plea” has long
been a puzzle. “Eyes,” 1. 139:

“Cast hither all your quaint enameled eyes
That on the green turf suck the honeyed

showers
And purple all the ground with vernal
flowers.”

is not properly defined as “blossom of a
plant,” but as the daisy, day’s-eye, for it
is accurately described. And “purple”
1, 141, does not mean “a mixture of blue
and red,” nor even “a brilliant color,”
but the crimson of this “crimson-tippit
flower,” like “Tyrian purple,” or Mil-
ton’s. use in “Paradise Lost,” iii, 364,
“impurpled with celestial roses.” Nev-
ertheless, this is a very valuable work.

&

Socialism Before the French Revolution.
A History. By William B. Guthrie.
New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.50.

Dr. Guthrie has given us a valuable
book. Holding that “close generic rela-
tionship exists between earlier and later

Socialistic doctrines,” he reviews for us

the main social writings of the pre-revo-

lutionary era beginning with the time of

Sir Thomas More, and points out doc-

trinal resemblances between the earlier

and the later times. On the whole, he
has not pressed his discovery of resem-
blances too warmly. Declaring that so-
cial theory is the outgrowth of social
conditions, he has been conscious enough
of the great difference between social
conditions of the nineteenth and the six-
teenth centuries not to lose sight of the
equally great differences in resultant so-
cial theories. The resemblances relate
more to general attitudes than to specific
claims and assertions. All Socialisms,
early and late, protest against the exist-
ing order and propose to supplant it by
an entirely different one; and they all
have a like, tho not an identical, attitude
toward the institution of private prop-
erty. But the earlier Socialisms were
communistic rather than Socialistic, in

their theories of distribution; they did

not distinguish between capital, as we

now understand the term, and wealth.

They were despotic, too, instead of dem-

ocratic, requiring a “good prince” to se-
cure their success. Tho generally they
made political administration include in-
dustrial administration, they did not in-
clude any comprehension of the eco-
nomic basis of institutions; and tho they
were based largely upon the wrongs and
privations of the masses, they did not in-
clude a comprehension of the modern
theory of the class struggle. It is a
strange fact that the peasants’ rebellion
in England in the latter part of the fif-
teenth century and in Germany in the
early part of the sixteenth did not bring
forth this last-named theory, and that it
had to wait more than 300 years to be
formulated by Karl Marx. Dr. Guthrie
has made a painstaking study of More
and Campanella and of Morelly and the
social radicals of the French Revolution,
and his summary of their teachings is
on the whole excellent. His references
to modern Socialism are not always so
happy. There are frequent statements
that need the saving grace of qualifica-
tion; while the tone of some of them is
jaunty rather than judicial.
a

The Silver King; The Dancing Girl; Joseph

Entangled. By Henry Arthur Jones.

New York: Samuel French. 50 cents

each.

Henry Arthur Jones had to progress
toward writing his dramas of ideas by
first producing a successful melodrama.
And before doing this he had to write a
long three-volume novel from which to
extract the plot. Financially, therefore,
Mr. Jones arrived with The Silver
King; since then most of his plays have
seen their way into print. The majority
of acting editions heretofore published
by Samuel French have been in fine type.
with many inaccuracies. But three of
Mr. Jones’s plays are now issued by this
publisher in a format which is a welcome
departure. The type is of generous size,
the page margins ample. Into these mar-
gins have been placed many of the origi-
nal stage directions, with sufficient blank
space left for manager or reader to add
notes. Besides stage diagrams of scene
setting, an appendix, consisting of
“calls,” “gas plot,” “property plot” and
“scene plot,” forms a valuable feature.
Altogether each volume affords a key to
stage production. The plays here noted

ee eee a

(o)

are not representative of Mr. Jones’s best
style, but it is to be hoped that the pub-
lishers will soon prepare those better en-
titled to be known, such as “Mrs. Dane’s
Defense” or “The Hypocrites.”

&

The Standard Family Physician. A prac-
tical international Encyclopedia of Medi-
cine and Hygiene Especially Prepared for
the household. By Prof. Carl Reissig,
M.D., of Hamburg, Germany, and Smith
Ely Jelliffe, A.M., M.D., Ph.D., with the as-
sistance of many American and German
specialists in the treatment of diseases and
experts in medicine and surgery. 2 vols.
New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. $13.00.

The hardest thing in the world for the
man in the street is to obtain medical in-
formation which shall not be couched in
terms too scientific or technical, and yet
shall represent absolutely the present
state of knowledge on medical questions.

It is easy for every one to obtain sup-

posed popular scientific medical knowl-

edge on most subjects, and indeed such
information is almost thrust upon all.

With experience, however, readers learn

that writers are only exploiting their

ignorance for their own purposes. This
present work promises to fill a distinct
place in English literature by supplying
in simple, yet scientific, language all the
ordinary information that may be de-
sired with regard to medical subjects. It
is true that very little incentive to the
use of drugs will be found in the work,
and, as a matter of course, the subject
of treatment, the most difficult depart-
ment in medicine, is left to a great extent
to the personal advice of a physician.
Even with his knowledge it is hard
enough to decide very often what line of
treatment is likely to be of service. All
other matters of information, however,
are thoroly representative. The arrange-
ment in alphabetical order makes it easy
of consultation, and the illustrations are
so well done as to add greatly to the
value of the work. Instead of replacing
the physician in any way, this work
rather prepares the minds of its readers
to appreciate the difficulties which the
physician h-s to meet in the handling of
disease, and will render people more
sympathetic to his efforts for the cure of
patients. While ordinarily such works
are likely to do at least as much harm as
good, there seems to be nn reason why

LITERATURE 1005

this one should not prove a source of
benefit in every way to its readers. We
cordially recommend it to those who are
interested in medicine and who think
they have learned much from various
sources of popular instruction as to med-
icine, yet will find, after reading this,
how far their opinions were from those
which are accepted by serious physicians.

&

La Conférence d’Algésiras. Histoire dip-
lomatique de la crise marocaine par
André Tardieu, premier secrétaire d’Am-
bassade honoraire. 1 vol. in-8 de la Bib-
liothéque d’histoire contemporaine. Paris:
Félix Alcan. 1o fr.

The Algeciras Conference on the

Moroccan question held last year ap-

peared at the time to be a long and tedi-

ous period of profitless wrangling over
the insignificant details of an impracti-
cable plan. Little more than a year has
past since then, yet the world has seen
some stupendous events grow out of that
diplomatic battle. It was a great game
that was played at Algeciras, with stakes
of the highest. . The primary question
was whether Germany should be allowed
to check France in her effort to extend
her influence in North Africa as a sort
of compensation for the loss of Alsace-

Lorraine. The primary result was that

France was given practically a free hand

in Morocco, with the approval of all the

Powers, and that Germany found herself

practically isolated.. The secondary re-

sults of the Conference are too far-
reaching and complicated to be traced,

but we already realize that every im-

portant nation has felt the effects of it,

our own not the least. This volume has
an especial interest to Americans, for in

it we see for the first time what an im-

portant part the United States played in

the Conference. M. Tardieu is generous
in his praise of President Roosevelt for
standing up for France in this, “the

gravest crisis in her history since 1875”:

“In spite of all temptations

To belong to other nations,”
the chief temptations being three urgent
telegrams from the Kaiser asking the
support of the United States for the
German plan. M. Tardieu is eminently
fitted to write the history of the Alge-
ciras Conference, for he knows more
about its workings, from the French

THE INDEPENDENT

standpoint at least, than any other person
who is at liberty to write on the sub-
ject. His leaders in Le Temps are re-
garded as almost as authoritative as the
Governmental “Yellow Book.” Sharp
German criticism of this volume by in-
spired journals has failed to invalidate
it On any important point. As for style,
he has done as much as any one could to
make the history of the intrigues and
discussions an interesting, even dramatic,
narrative.
ss

Empire Builders. By Francis Lynde.

dianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill

$1.50.

This story is not so powerful as the
title intimates. It is the usual railroad
romance in which the obscure young
superintendent of an unimportant moun-
tain division suddenly conceives an. idea
which, ‘if realized, will insure the future
prosperity of the road. He manages by
guile to obtain the $5,000,000 necessary
for the construction of his “empire,”
which modestly consists of a line run-
ning thru several mining towns. He is
badgered by irritable presidents, hostile
managers, treacherous stenographers and
ferocious road gangs, but in the marvel-
ous way which no longer thrills us, the
author rescues his budding magnate and
empire builder from dynam.te and fail-
ure, and gives him the president’s niece
to marry—which is as much as any hero
would expect.

In-
Co.

An _ Elementary
With 66
Yard

Wireless Telegraphy :
Treatise. By A. E. Kennelly.
illustrations. New York: ° Moffat,

Co. $1.00.
Now that Marconi has succeeded in es-
tablishing regular commercial communi-
cation between Europe and America the

general public is becoming interested in .

wireless telegraphy and wants to know
how it works. This little book contains
as good an answer as can be given to the
question. The author, who is Professor
of Electrical Engineering in Harvard
University, explains in language com-
prehensible to any one who has studied
elementary physics as much about the
principles and the apparatus as any but
an expert needs to know. He does not
fall into the ordinary fault of the popu-
larizers of science of using sensational
language or attempting a deceptive sim-

plification, but gives clear and concise de-
scriptions with pertinent illustration,
verbal and graphic. Such a sentence as
this, comparing the electric waves sent
out by the masts of the wireless telegraph
to light, is very helpful to the lay mind:

“A distant eye, assumed capable of seeing
this long-wave light, would see the antenne
shine out, in a certain unknown color, for
six millionths of a second in every 5,000, like
a flashing lighthouse which sent a beam over
the sea for six seconds every eighty-three
minutes. It may be readily imagined that
when an electro-magnetic wave strikes a steel
bridge, or a steel sky-scraper office building, it
casts a long shadow, and a relatively large
quantity of energy is torn out of the wave.
Trees also have been found to be feebly con-
ducting, and it is believed that they absorb
energy from waves passing them. This fact,
taken in connection with the imperfect con-
ductivity of dry soil in comparison with sea
water, accounts for the considerable greater
distance at which electro-magnetic waves can
be transmitted over the ocean than over land.”

&

The House of the Vampire. By George Syl-
vester Viereck. New York: Moffat,
Yard & Co. $1.25.

The story has a fantastic and grew-
some theme, intellectual vampirism, the
stealing of a man’s thoughts before he
has spoken them, the sapping of the
vigor and originality of a succession of
bright and ambitious young men by one
masterful mind which grows as they are
sucked dry and cast aside. In the hands
of a Poe or Stevenson such a motif
would serve to thrill or frighten a gen-
eration of readers; here it is inadequate-
ly handled. Only in a few pages does
Mr. Viereck succeed in producing the
effects he strives for; the rest of it is
crude and commonplace. It is a con-
vincing book. It bears internal evidence
of the truth of its theory, for evidently
somebody has been sucking the juice out
of Mr. Viereck’s brain during the last
few months, as the hero of the book,
who quotes Mr. Viereck’s poetry, was
preyed upon by the vampire superman.
In “Nineveh,” and still more in some of
the “Other Poems,” he showed symp-
toms of that strange malady called
genius ; in this novel he is obviously con-
valescent. As our esteemed contem-
porary of literary criticism, The Bang,
says:

“Tt is a novel with a purpose. That purpose
is to reveal what George Sylvester Viereck
thinks of George Sylvester Viereck.”

LITERATURE

Literary Notes.

.... Forest Morgan, of Hartford, has recently
bought out the . A. Camp interest in the
publishing house of S. S. Scranton Company,
and is now the manager of the company.

...The tabloid literature of the illustrated
weeklies has no gayer maker of verses and
« hee in prose than Tom Masson. In his
new volume, A Bachelor's Baby and Some
Grown-Ups, Moffat, Yard & Co. have col-
lected over fifty of his diverting tales of the
Dimpleton family and others. (60 cents.)

...-On the fortieth anniversary of the pub-
lication of Lea’s History of Sacerdotal Celi-
bacy in the Christian Church, a third and re-
vised edition appears. (Macmillan, 2 vols.,
95.00.) This was the first of those systematic
studies of ecclesiastical history which have
brought renown upon American scholarship.

....The Library of Congress, in cataloging
and printing its letters and documents, is do-
ing a great service to students of early Ameri-
can history. Recent volumes are: Calendar of
the Correspondence of Washington with the
Continental Congress, Naval Records of the
Revolution, and Vol. VIII of the Journals of
the Continental Congress.

....Good parents all with one accord will
bless the woman who will tell them how to
« wertam ,.ively youngsters on rainy days.
This benefaction is attempted by Carolyn Wells

er ctest book, Rainy Day D.wersions, and
since it seems to be Miss Wells’s special mis-
sion in life to keep people amused, she does
not fail of her purpose. (Moffat, Yard & Co.,
1.C0. )

....The early history of that evil monster
begotten of American politics, the gerryman-
der, has been written by Dr. Elmer C. Griffith
and is published by Scott, Foresman & Co.,
Chicago, $1.25. He finds traces of this form
of. partisan trickery a hundred years before
1812, when it received its name from the re-
districting of Massachusetts under Governor

rry.

..A new translation of the letter of Dr.
Diego Alvarez Chanca, dated 1494, the first
written account of the people and products of
the New World, has been made by Dr. Fer-
nandez de Ybarra, whose nationality and
scholarship enable him to interpret and anno-
tate it with unusual accuracy and spirit. It is
published by the Smithsonian Institution,
Washington.

....The third volume in the new series of
translations and reprints from the original
sources now being published by the Depart-
ment of History of the University of Pennsyl-
vania contains The History of the Langobards
by Paul the Deacon, translated and thoroly
annotated by William Dudley Foulke (Long-

mans, Green & Co., $1.50). This account of
his own people by one of the most learned of
medieval historians will be a pleasant surprise
to the English reader who has hitherto had no
opportunity to put this vivacious chronicle of

1007

the seventh century on the shelf with his
Herodotus and Froissart.

.... Among the recent publications by the
John Lane Company are Nature’s Aid to De-
sign, a collection of photographic studies for
designers and craftsmen, by E. S. D. Owen
and Louise W. Bruce. Dalmatia, the Country,
its People, and its Arts, by Maude M. Hol-
bach; The Book of Fruit Bottling, by Edith
Bradley and May Crooke, which is particu-
larly opportune; Two Dianas and Their
Shooting in Somaliland, a copiously illus-
trated account of big game shooting by two
feminine Nimrods in desert and jungle;
Golden Thoughts from the Gospels, and
Golden Thoughts from Sir Thomas Browne,
being the first two volumes in the Golden
Thoughts Library; The Babys Day Book,
Songs of the Day, the Dusky and the Dark,
by W. Graham Robertson.

r
Pebbles.

Mary had a little lamb,

For which she did not care;
So took it back to be exchanged,
And got a “Teddy Bear.”

—The Punch Bowl, Pennsylvania.

“Dear Lord,” prayed five-year-old Annette
one evening before retiring, “please make a
good little girl out of me, and if at first you
don’t succeed, try, try again.”—Chicago Daily
News.

JASPER: You don’t seem so fond of Roose-
velt as you were.

Jumpuppe: Well, we are somewhat con-
fused. We approved of his anti-race suicide
theories and now, when we go to look for a
flat, we find that we are undesirable citizens.—
The Editor.

ON THE BRINY.

FARMER TRELLIS—Tur’ble crime in New
York. Man found dead an’ no one knows
who killed him.

Mrs. Trellis—Goodness, Joel, where was the
police?

Farmer Trellis—Paper says the police are
all at sea. Whether they’re helping the navy
out or gone on a picnic it don’t state. P’lice
at“ aan to go to sea all to once that way.
—Puck.

THE LONG WAIT.

Britt Nye when a young man once made
an engagement with a lady friend of his to
take her driving of a Sunday afternoon. The
appointed day came, but at the livery stable al}
the horses were taken out save one old, shaky,
exceedingly bony horse.

Mr. Nye hired the nag and drove to his
friend’s house. The lady let him wait nearly
an hour before she was ready, and then on
viewing the disreputable outfit flatly refused
to accompany Mr. Nye.

“Why,” she exclaimed sneeringly
horse may die of age any moment.”

“Madam,” Mr. Nye replied, “when I arrived,
that horse was a prancing young steed.”—
Harper's Weekly.

“that

E

Publisher, Clarence W. Bowen.
Owner, The Estate of Henry C. Bowen.
130 Fulton Street, New York.

ditorials |

The United States in World
Politics

In January, 1906, the sleepy, old Span-
ish town of Algeciras, near Gibraltar,
was invaded by a hundred and fifty pleni-
potentiaries, secretaries and newspaper
correspondents ostensibly to settle the
affairs of Morocco. To be sure life and
property were not perceptibly more un-
safe in that turbulent country than. they
had always been in the memory of man.
The matters to be arranged, chiefly the
organization of a bank and police force,
were not in themselves so difficult as to
require the united labor of the picked
representatives of the thirteen Powers
for three months. Algeciras was not
where they would have preferred to
spend their winter. They were crowded
together in a noisy public hotel, in cook-
ing and comfort not up to the standard
their profession had accustomed them to;
there were no amusements, no society
but their own; the town had no special
interest except, perhaps, there might be
‘considered a peculiar appropriateness in
choosing the place where the Moors
landed twelve hundred years before to
begin their invasion of Europe as the
place to plan the European invasion of
Morocco. But the diplomats were un-
able to keep their eyes fixed for so long
a time on the land just across the Medi-
terranean. Their thoughts naturally
strayed to other lands similarly depend-
ent on the will of greater Powers.

As we now realize the Algeciras Con-
ference had as much to do with the fate
of Persia, Tibet and Afghanistan, if not
of Korea and the Philippines as it had
with that of Morocco. Algeciras read-
justed the balance of power in world
politics; it effected or at least demon-
strated the isolation of Germany; it laid
the foundation_of the Anglo-Russian un-

1008

derstanding ; it predetermined to a great
extent the action or lack of action ‘of
The Hague Conference.

In the Conference of Algeciras the
United States took an active, perhaps
even a decisive, part. Not for a genera-
tion had France been in such a danger-
ous position as when the Emperor of
Germany threatened to upset the Anglo-
French convention by which France was
given a free hand in Morocco because
he had not been consulted in its making,
and if President Roosevelt, when the
Conference was deadlocked, had _ sup-
ported Germany instead of urging upon
the Kaiser the acceptance of the French
proposals, the Conference might have
been fruitless and a European war immi-
nent. The Czar responded in the same
sense to the Kaiser’s appeal for assist-
ance and with the combined force of per-
sonal intervention from Washington and
St. Petersburg against him he gave way.

Since President Roosevelt had in
1905 been instrumental in getting Ger-
many and Frence to submit their quarrel
to such a conference, he naturally was
solicitous for its success in peacemak-
ing. He had previously recognized the

‘special influence of France in Morocco

when by the aid of the French he had
obtained the release of Perdicaris, kid-
napped by Raisuli. The French plan
of having the ports of Morocco,
policed by French. and Spanish offi-
cers, substantially that finally adopted,
was first submitted to our delegate,
Henry White, Ambassador to Italy. He
agreed to bring it forward at the proper
time as ‘an American proposition, and
offered to have the President recommend
it to Emperor William. Mr. Roosevelt
accordingly sent two or more telegrams
to the Emperor urging his acceptance, to
which the Emperor returned emphatic
refusals, and in his turn, in his telegrams
of March 14th, 15th and 17th, which, ac-
cording to M. Tardieu, historian of the
conference, he sent thru the German
Ambassador at Washington, Baron
Speck von Sternburg, but without the
approval of the Imperial Chancellor, he

EDITORIAL

asked President Roosevelt to support the
Austrian project, which he said only the
United States and France opposed. To
these the President replied that the Aus-
trian proposal was “inacceptable” and
that if the Monroe Doctrine had not pre-
vented him from taking part, he would
have actively fought it.

The chief point of disagreement at the
time was whether the police of the port
of Casablanca should be under a Swiss
or Dutch officer, as Germany thru Aus-
tria proposed, or under a French or
Spanish officer, as France insisted.
From the standpoint of American inter-
ests it would be hard to distinguish be-
tween them. We were called to Alge-
ciras because we had taken part in the
similar Conference of. Madrid in 1880.
Mr. White’s instructions were simply to
maintain the principle of the open door,
and, in accordance with the petition of
the Jewish societies in America, to pro-
tect the Moroccan Jews. It was a de-

batable question whether the country
would be kept open to commerce better
by its ports being in the hands of two

Powers or of three.

The question has no interest now at
any rate. The Jews of Casablanca have
since then been massacred or driven out
by the Arabs and their houses demol-
ished in the bombardment by the French,
who are “policing” the place with a
good-sized army. They hold also the
town of Udja, on the opposite border,
and by supporting either of the two Sul-
tans they will have practical possession
of the country. And Germany has noth-
ing to say.

Germany made a determined effort to
regain at The Hague the prestige she
lost at Algeciras, and to a great extent
succeeded, because her delegation was a
strong one, and their policies more thoro-
ly studied and planned than those of any
other. In her opposition to the reforms
proposed she always managed to join
with one or another of the Powers, so as
not to be caught alone, as at Algeciras.

The defeat of Germany at Algeciras
left Great Britain and Russia free to di-
vide up Persia into spheres of influence
as they chose, with no protest from Ger-
many, altho her interests and prospects
in that country were greater than in
Morocco. The protection of India by

1009

the Anglo-Russian agreement in regard
to Afghanistan and Tibet makes the al-
liance between Japan and Great Britain
of less value to the latter Power. This
convention will expire in 1915, and if
Russia and Great Britain are then still
in harmony it may not be renewed. This
would leave Japan out in the cold so far
as military support is concerned.

At the same time that the Algeciras
Conference was at its crisis President
Roosevelt was called upon to make an-
other momentous decision. On Febru-
ary 19th, 1906, he adopted and earnest-
ly advocated the plan for a lock instead
of a sea-level canal at Panama, altho this
plan had been condemned as impractica-
ble and unsafe by eight out of the thir-
teen consulting engineers, including all
five of the foreign experts. The plan
as adopted did not answer the require-
ments of Congress in providing for any
vessels afloat or likely to be constructed.
Its locks were too small to handle the
“Lusitania,” to .say nothing of the
“Europa.” Since then they have been
enlarged and our naval men urge that
they are still too small.

But the President laid down as one of
his two “prime considerations” “the ut-
most practicable speed of construction,”
and in approving of the lock plan gave as
one of his reasons that it could be com-
pleted in half the time. According to the

estimates of the engineers and present

rate of progress we will have a passage
thru the Isthmus of Panama ‘at the same
time that the defensive alliance between
Japan and Great Britain terminates. In
the meantime it is apparently thought
that our fleet will be more useful in the
Pacific than in the Atlantic. The exam-
ple of Japan fired Persia, India and China
to an outburst of national aspiration.
Now Persia is securely controlled by
Russia and England, and the latter, freed
from defending the frontier of India, can
give her whole attention to the internal
unrest. China is curtailing the number
of her students at Tokyo and is rejecting
Japanese assistance in commercial and
military matters. The United States and
Canada are being affected by a growing
anti-Japanese feeling, which, if it does
not lead to a conflict, will probably pre-
vent any close alliance between either
branch of the Anglo-Saxon race and the

IOIO

Japanese. Altogether it looks as tho
there was some truth in the old saying
that Japan loses in diplomacy —_ she
gains in war. ‘

aM

The People, Not the Rabble

Or all the dishonest arguments by
which the privileged class in all ages has
tried to give color of reason for its ex-
istence, the most discreditable is that
which rests upon the intentional con-
founding of “the people” with “the
rabble.”

The history. of political philosophy
gives us no record of any philosopher
possessed of sense enough to write a
tract or a treatise who has advocated
government by the rabble.

But: the self-defense of a privileged
_ class in all ages and in all places, includ-
ing the United States of America, A. D.
1907, has consisted chiefly in the false-
hood that those who believe in govern-
ment by and for the people are advo-
* cating government by and for the rabble.

Every civilized population that has ap-
peared in history thus far has comprised
three elements—the arrogant, the con-
siderate and the rude. The arrogant be-
come a privileged class. The considerate
are the people. The rude and low-lived
are the rabble.

Between the arrogant privileged class
and the low-lived rabble the people have
had to struggle mightily for existence.
But on the whole they have held their
own, and their work is not ended. They
will stay on the job until they have hum-
bled the arrogant and disciplined the
rude. The considerate will inherit the
earth, in due time.

This constitution of society is by no
means the same thing as the familiar
stratification of “upper,” “middle” and
“lower” classes. The low-lived are by
no means all in the “lower class.” The
“middle class” is not composed exclu-
sively of the considerate.

The considerate element is composed
of those who have ideas and manners.
This is why the considerate are the peo-
ple. The identification is obvious. The
people is that part of a population which
can lay some claim to mental and moral
unity; which can do things collectively ;
which has, in a word, common purposes
and social instincts and habits. These

‘ideas and they object to manners.

THE INDEPENDENT

presuppose ideas and manners, and
human beings that have ideas and man-
ners by that token are component units
of “the people.”

The rude and the low-lived have no
They
are deficient in social instincts, and are
therefore unable to act together except
in hoodlum fashion. They cannot even
howl in unison. This is one chief reason
why they are disagreeable.

Of course, the low-lived rabble is un-
fit to enjoy or to exercise the functions
of an electorate. This admission may be
construed as undemocratic. It may be
taken as equivalent to an admission that
universal suffrage is inexpedient, or at
least undesirable. But such construction
would be erroneous.

Under universal suffrage the votes of
the rabble, if left to itself, would count
for nothing. They would be thrown at
random, and the ballot of one fool would
cancel the ballot of another fool. The
votes of the rabble carry weight only as
they are influenced. Influenced by the
people, the considerate, they count on the
side of social order and well-being. In-
fluenced by the arrogant, they count on
the side of social injustice and rascality.

Whence it follows that under uni-
versal suffrage the rabble is politically
dangerous only so long as we have an
arrogant, insolent privileged class to in-
fluence the rabble vote.

When the people have improved the
morals of the anti-social arrogant by
taking away their privileges, they will be
able to some extent to improve the man-
ners of the non-social rabble. For there
are ways of persuading the rude, not-
withstanding their lack of ideas, to imi-
tate, if only mechanically, the behavior
of the considerate.

This is why “democracy” will ulti-
mately be “triumphant.” Mr. Carnegie
was right as to the adjective, but wrong
as to the reasons.

a
The Congregationalists and
Church Union

THE Congregationalists of the United

States held their Triennial National
Council in Cleveland, Ohio, last week,
utterly undisturbed by the hot mayoralty
campaign, which was also of national in-
terest. There were papers read, as al-

“tr

ways, by the bale, and speeches before
the missionary bodies; but only one
question was before the Council of ab-
sorbing interest, and that the question of
corporate union between the Congrega-
tionalists, the United Brethren and the
Methodist Protestants. A plan for union
was Officially before the Council, which
involved one National Council for the
three, which would thus become one; the
consolidation, of their benevolent boards,
and the liberty of their local and State
conferences to unite or remain apart as
long as they pleased. The question of
union came before the Congregational-
ists first, as the quadrennial Nationai
Conferences of the two other bodies meet
one in 1908 and the other in 1909.

And the Congregational National
Council was not quite ready to consum-
mate the union yet. They wanted more
time to consider it. They wanted union,
were sure they did, and by a very large
—an almost unanimous vote; but they
did not all understand the conditions.

Of course, there were a very few who
did not want union anyhow or on any
conditions, unless it were by absorption
in the Congregational body. There al-
ways are such selfish ecclesiastics who
can endure no terms but submission.
They made some noise at first, but that
kind of ecclesiastical conceit which thinks
that only those of their cold tempera-
ment are fit to be admitted into fellow-
ship is so narrow and unchristian that
even those who held to it were soon
ashamed to utter it. Then there were
some others who are rigidly denomina-
tional, and are desperately careful that in
the case of union none of the Congrega-
tional shibboleths shall be disturbed.
They saw that the definite statement of
the “autonomy” of the individual church
had been omitted, and they did not have
confidence that they would be able to
maintain it. They thought they saw in-
dications in the proposed Act of Union
that authority was going down from the
top, instead of going up from the bottom,
which is a very serious thing in theo-
retic Congregationalism; at least, it
squinted that way, and, notwithstanding
the juristic adage, “De minimis lex non
obstat,” they remembeted the camel’s
nose, and were not “strong in faith.”

Nevertheless, a great majority would

EDITORIAL

Io1t

have been willing to trust and go ahead,
but for their tenderness toward the
minority. They thought or hoped that,
with a generous allowance of time, the
minority would be won over, or that it
would be easy to revise the Act of Union
so as to relieve their fears and not offend
the other parties. Especially did this
consideration affect the committee of
twenty-eight, which had been constituted
to represent the strongest opponents of
union as well as those who warmly

favored it and wanted it now. The oppo-

nents pressed the evil of a division or
split in the body, said that the opponents
“never would consent,” and this seemed
to mean that they would leave the denom-
ination, and it was declared that there
would thus be four denominations in-
stead of three, and that those who stayed
behind would hold the money. To be
sure, the sub-committee on Legal Rela-
tions, of which Chief Justice Baldwin, of
Connecticut, was chairman, had covered
and guarded that in their long report,
but few had read it or even known of it.

The fear of those who “would never
consent” is not a valid one. In a democ-
racy we expect people to refuse their
consent, but they know how to submit
to the will of the majority. It is the
right of the minority to refuse consent,
but it is their duty also, as Christians and
gentlemen, to yield unless some high
moral question is involved. The oppo-
nents are such gentlemen, and there is no
danger that Broadway Tabernacle would
withdraw from the Manhattan Confer-
ence, or the Manhattan Conference from
the State Conference. The Congrega-
tional denomination could not be split
with a battle-ax, any more than one can
split a cup of water with a knife.

But to the Committee of Twenty-eight,
comprising not a few of the very best of
men, the necessity of coming to a unan-
imous conclusion which should carry the
minority seemed essential. Perhaps it
was; for the minority might have made
noise enough to frighten the two other
denominations from giving their assent
to the union. At any rat<, the necessity
of unanimity, by a miracle which con-
firms the possibility of biblical miracles,
burdened their judgments.. But how
could there be unanimity with Rossiter
Raymond and Dr. Jefferson on one side

I0I2

and Washington Gladden and President
Mackenzie on the other? Only by great
yielding.

But what is this fetish of unanimity?
Freedom fights unanimity. A unan-
imous Church is a dead Church; witness
the Greek Church. “Semper idem et
ubique” is poor fodder for thought and
life. To require action on any imporiant
matter to be unanimous is to forbid
progress. It gives us only an outward
linen decency of conformity. To accom-
plish anything then was impossible, and
so the opponents were pleased with delay,
and those who favored union yielded for
the present. But they yielded with the
determination that, with three years more
allowed for those that had been asleep to
wake up, there would be -no excuse for
further waiting, and an overwhelming
majority would then insist on action.

Of course, delay is dangerous. But
we trust that the United Brethren and
the Methodist Protestants, who have not
been asleep, and who will find it harder
for them than for the Congregationalists
to maintain the distracting situation, will
yet have patience with the slower moving
body, and will not imagine that they have
been deceived by those who had assured
them that Congregationalists would wel-
come union, or by the action of the pre-
vious National Council, which invited
negotiations. And, after all, for so great
a cause patience is worth while, but not
the patience that threatens failure. It is
a great, an unusual effort for the union
of these denominations which had not
learned close intimacy, and the union,
when accomplished, will be a fruitful ex-
ample to the other dichotomies and sub-
dichotomies of schism.

st
The Philippine Assembly

America has kept its word with the
Philippines, as it kept it with Cuba. We
said we would give back Cuba Libre to
her own people, and we did it; and now
that we have been called back there we
shall do it again. President McKinley
and Congress and President Roosevelt
all promised the people of the Philippines
that they should have self-government
just as fast as possible, that they should
take part in making their own laws, and
what was promised has been done. First

THE INDEPENDENT

we told them to elect their own mayor:

of towns and other more local officers:
now we have given them a co-ordinar<
part in legislation by their election of one
of the two houses of their Congress
Secretary Taft has inaugurated this nev
and worthy régime, unexampled in the
history of colonies in the East, and he
leaves it to the people themselves to sav
whether this experiment is a safe one.

Where now are the croakers, the il!-
omened ravens of suspicion, who de-
clared that our Government was wholl«
selfish in its taking and keeping of the
Philippines? Shall we hear them con-
fess that our Government was honest—
and benevolent even—in its purpose?
Not at all. They will still see only ill
where good is meant.

But the good work has gone on, and
with the natural suspicion of the Fili-
pinos themselves and the ill will and op-
position of not a few Americans in the
Islands whose only purpose has been t=
fill their own purses. Most of them despise
the dark-skinned natives, and would keep
them as vassals of the American control.
Fortunately, our Government, and Gov-
ernor Taft, its official representative,
have held firm to the theory of self-gov-
ernment, to their faith in liberty for ai!
people, and to their plighted word.

For be it remembered to the credit
of Congress, that in our government of
those islands we have contradicted all the
precedents of Great Britain, France.
Spain and Holland. Their examples
have been studiously set before us by
scholars and by foreign critics. It is not
safe, they said; it is only safe to follow
the steps of our predecessors who have
for centuries ruled Eastern people, peo-
ple who can never learn the duties and
privileges of liberty. But we said, No
We would not deny for other men that
faith in freedom which we hold for our-
selves. This one act is itself a precedent
for other nations. Great Britain is
bound to follow it in India, or she will
lose India. Wherever education become:
general there must be self-government
It is only by keeping a people ignorant
that they can be content to be servile.

So Secretary Taft will return having
accomplished what no man in history ha:
ever done before, and he will deserve the
eternal gratitude of the Filipinos, as hirr-

ee se

-—— — Se me eee

a kee ee a oe

EDITORIAL

self the voice of the will, the good will,
of the American people.

s
Railroad Officers’ Opinions

PROMINENT officers of the railroads
are giving to the public their opinions
about the causes of the difficulties en-
countered when their companies seek to
borrow money or to market new securi-
ties. These opinions do not always agree.
Mr. E. H. Harriman, president of the
Union Pacific, Southern Pacific, and other
companies, said last week:

“There is no lack of money in the country.

There is plenty of it, but the people will not
let it circulate because of false sentiment en-
gendered by antagonism to those conducting
big business enterprises.
_“I am sick, and most other men are also
sick, of the continued attacks made upon the
railroads. When charges are made against a
railroad, the proper thing to do is to refrain
from publishing them until the party bringing
the charges and the representatives of the
railroad have had a conference, with repre-
sentatives of the press present.”

These remarks were made two or three
days after the delivery of an interesting
address before the Chicago Association of
Commerce by Mr. Robert Mather, presi-
dent of the Rock Island Railroad Com-
pany, who was for years chief counsel for
the Rock Island interests. Mr. Mathes
said:

“Three theories are commonly advanced in
explanation of the unsalability of our railroad
securities. One is that a world-wide money
stringency, due to great and general _com-
mercial activity, restricts investments in all
kinds of securities. I am not a banker, and
should not presume to have an opinion upon
this proposition, but it does not strongly im-
press me.

“T count as first among the causes that have
made their securities unsalable, the misdeeds
of the railroads themselves.”

He would not deny, he continued, the
perniciousness of the practice of paying
rebates, or decry efforts of the Govern-
ment to terminate it, but the misdeeds he
had in mind were acts by which the secu-
rities were mote directly affected:

“There is a prevailing public belief, based
on facts publicly shown, that railroad corpo-
rations have issued corporate obligations and
applied the proceeds to purposes other than
those for which such obligations may lawfully
be issued. Directors are understood to have
purchased the securities of corporations of
which they are trustees, and to have sold
property of their own to the corporations,

1013

making personal profit thru their dealings
with the trust estate.”

Is it not probable that Mr. Mather was
thinking of what has been called the
“looting of the Alton company,” and of
those remarkable transactions in securi-
ties by Union Pacific officers which were
revealed some months ago during an offi-
cial investigation? Mr. Harriman ap-
pears to give those disclosures no weight
in his estimate of the forces which affect
public opinion as to the value of railroad
securities, and impair public confidence in
responsible railway officers. It will be
noticed that Mr. Harriman would have
charges against a railroad investigated in
conference, with representatives of the
press present. But we have not heard
that reporters were invited by him to be
present at the conferences in which the
Alton campaign was carried on, in order
that they might afterward assure the pub-
lic that nothing unjust or improper had
been done. Nor were representatives of
the press taken into the confidence of Mr.
Harriman and his associates concerning
the sales of securities to the Union Pa-
cific. Indeed, Mr. Harriman is so averse
to publicity concerning the history of
those sales that he has refused to testify
about it, and the Government has found
it necessary to ask the courts for an order
directing him to answer many questions
to which he had declined to give any
response.

Again, there are those rebates paid to
favored shippers on the Pacific Coast by
the Southern Pacific, the record of which
was found in the company’s books two
week: ago by Commissioner Lane. These
rebates were allowed up to the end of
last month, altho Mr. Harriman asserted
some months ago that rebating had ceased
on all the roads with which he was con-
nected. We do not understand that rep-
resentatives of the press were consulted
as to the fairness and legality of these
practices. On the other hand, the record
of the rebates was kept, it is stated, in
a separate and secret set of books, It
is not an attack, sickening or, otherwise,
upon railroads for the press to publish
the testimony now and to express the
opinion that there ought not to have been
such favoritism, but the publication does
not fill the people with a consuming de-
sire to buy the securities of a road which

1014

is controlled by men who permit such
injustice and violation of law.

One or two other railway presidents
have recently ascribed the popular dis-
taste for railway securities to hysteria in
high places, meaning, we suppose, Mr.
Roosevelt’s speeches and the prosecution
of rebaters by the Government. For some
reason—we do not undertake to trace the
connection—this reminds us of the com-
plaint of George H. Brouwer, who was
arrested last week for embezzling about
$100,000 from a New York brokerage
firm which employed him as manager of
its, business. He had taken the money
and lost it in stock speculation, and he
explaine'1 that Mr. Roosevelt was the
cause of all his woes. But for the Presi-
dent’s speeches and for the Government’s
prosecution of offending corporations, he
argued, his thefts would not have come
to light, because his speculations would
have been profitable.

We ought not to overlook the fact that
Mr. Harriman and the directors asso-
ciated with him in the financial transac-
tions which were the subject of the In-
terstate Commerce Commission’s memor-
able inquiry in New York appear to re-
tain the confidence of the stockholders oi
the Union Pacific. At the annual meet-
ing, on the 8th inst., the directors were
re-elected, and the old officers keep their
places. No hostile votes were cast, but
what the officers and directors had done
was approved by the ballots of 685,256
of the 995,693 holders of preferred stock
and those of 1,524,497 of the 1,954,8¢9
owners of common shares. Some of the
acts of the men who control the Union
Pacific may be classed by the public with
the misdeeds of which President Mather
spoke, but it appears that they have been
approved by a large majority of the many
shareholders of that great company.

a
A Brave Bishop

Bishop Porter has the courage of his
convictions, and has never hesitated to
express them, whatever they might be.
But he has never, in word or deed, done
a braver thing than when last Friday, in
the city of Richmond, the Rebel Capital
of the Confederacy, he invited the negro,
Bishop Ferguson, to sit down at dinner
with himself and his wife.

THE INDEPENDENT

When President Roosevelt asked Dr.
Booker T. Washington to stop and lunch
with him, it was no brave act. It proba-
bly never occurred to him that anybody
would know or care about it. It was an
act of common civility extended from one
gentleman to another. Doubtless the stir
it made both amused and surprised the
President. But this is a different thing.
Bishop Potter had definitely in ‘mind
what had been the uproar raised in cer-
tain sections by the President’s act of
courtesy. He knew it would be criticised.
He knew that he was defying the social
conventions of the-.city and common-
wealth in which he was sojourning. And
yet he knew that such a courteous recog-
nition was due to a brother bishop other-
wise socially ignored. So he did the de-
cent and right thing, to its full measure,
and yet not indifferent to the criticisms
and contemptuous attacks that would
surely follow his action.

Another clergyman of Bishop Potter’s
own church, but a native Southerner,
the Rev. Quincy Ewing, of Louisiana,
has taken more than one occasion publicly
to put himself on the side of appreciative
justice toward the colored people. We
recall his really remarkable address to the
colored students of Atlanta University, at
its last commencement, the last at which
President Bumsted presided before his
successor, President Ware, was installed.
Mr. Ewing said:

“Perhaps it is pardonable to add that in a
special sense I rejoice in your achievement,
because you are not identified with my race:
because you are identified with a race which
has been charged, again and again, with ele-
mental unfitness to scale the hights and
breathe the atmosphere of the higher learning.
In a special sense I congratulate you, because
of your refutation of the old superstition, that
the Lord God created one race of people with
just enough intellect to guide their hands in
the service of other people, to whom were
vouchsafed all the rare treasures of knowledge
and wisdom for themselves alone. It is grat-
ifying to me beyond measure the witness you
bear, that there is no such God at the helm of
things as some people have imagined—no God
capable of creating a race of men responsible
to other men and Him for their attitude toward
the Moral Law, but by Him. denied those
faculties and emotions, and perceptions, and
ambitions, and appreciations, which make obe-
dience to the Moral Law a thing humanly
worth while. The saying that the negro can
not take a higher education, is equivalent to
saying that the negro is only to a certain de-
gree human—not human enough for God’s

EDITORIAL

truth, of the uplands to win entrance to his
brain, to find lodgment in his soul. You have
shown that the negro can take a higher educa-
tion by yourselves taking it: you have shown
that the negro can understand and love what
other men understand and love by yourselves
understanding and loving it: you have borne
witness by your self-consecration to an ideal,
which is human, not racial; by your achieve-
ment this day which is human, not racial;
which declares that despite all the wild ravings
of this or that human mind, and all the mad
hatreds of this or that human heart, there is
after all, elementally, but one human mind, but
one human heart—but one human race.

“We members of a dominant race have been
raying a long time, ‘Our Father, Who art in
Fewven’ Achievements like yours should help
us to pray that prayer better—with an ‘our’
more inclusive; and urge us on to that far
hight of vision where we shall see and con-
fess at last that Auman brotherhood has no
limits which exclude humanity.”

The Northern bishop and the slave-
holder’s son stand side by side in the
recognition of the brotherhood of man.

a
Electricity to the Farmer

The service rendered by electricity to
the farm began with the trolley and the

telephone. These, together with free mail
delivery, constituted the first chapter in

a great revolution. The automobile,
whether electrical or run by gasolene, has
so far been rather a menace to the farm-
er’s every-day use of the roads. A few,
however, have foreseen the day when the
automobile itself would be the farmer’s
special friend and property. In 1905
several manufacturing firms turned their
attention to the construction of a motor,
which should be serviceable and cheap
enough for the farmer’s pleasure and for
his marketing. We are not able to de-
cide as to the present value of some of
these vehicles, only they are built at a
price which brings them within the reach
of a man of moderate means. One or two
of them are sold for from four to seven
hundred dollars. One takes the form of
a common buggy, while others are more
specifically built for hauling. However,
so far, the most manifest assistance given
to the remote farmer is along the trolley
line—where his wagons, built for the
track, are picked up by a trolley engine
and hauled into town.

In the field itself it did not seem pos-
sible to use the gasolene or electrically-
propelled automobile. A Kansas man

1015

has, however, been working quietly on
the problem, and it is said that he is suc-
cessfully running a gang plow with an
automobile. With this he is able to do
about three times the work done by four
horses. He is able to plow thirty acres
a day with fifty gallons of gasolene. The
car now in use weighs a little over four
thousand pounds, and is of thirty horse-
power. It moves across a common coun-
try sod, pulling gang plows that turn six
furrows at a time, and without noticeable
display of power. The same auto or ma-
chine is used for hauling wheat, or a train
of wheat-loaded wagons to market—at a
rate of six miles an hour. The same
engine will run any other machine or set
of machines on the farm. The owner will
have the equivalent of fifty horses and
twenty-five drivers stored away, able to
work night and day without rest when
wanted, and without the cost of feed
when resting. Efforts have been here-
tofore made, and the results have been
exhibited ‘at State fairs, but up to the
present time not anything has been turned
out satisfactory. The present invention
has been tested, and will be placed on
the market by another year.

Another application of electricity to
farm work turns up in Maryland. It is
in the form of a milking machine. It
is asserted that by the use of this elec-
trical appliance absolutely pure milk can
be supplied city consumers or others.
Rubber tubes lead directly from the cow’s .
udder into closed cans, eliminating dan-
ger of contamination of any sort. Of
course, the same electric plant can be
used for other farm work. It can run
the threshing machine, or saw wood, or
grind fodder. It can be used for filling
the silo, for operating the separator and
churn, for pumping water, and turning
grindstones. In the house it can be used
to operate the washing machine, the
clothes wringer, the sewing machine, and
even to wash the dishes. Some one must
apply it to sweeping, and the work is
done. In other words, electricity has en-
tered the barn and the house; and as we
have seen above, it has entered the field,
and is going very far toward the settle-
ment of the help problem. We are pretty
sure that we are going to be able soon
to hold an Emancipation Day from the
terrors of inferior help, and little of that,

1016

In France the use of electricity in do-
mestic service is greatly facilitated by
the loaning and leasing of power from
the waterways and trolly plants. Some-
thing of this sort has already been in-
augurated in this country, and we be-
lieve is making considerable headway in
some of the Western States. It has been
tried to some extent in New York State.
The movement could be advanced great-
ly by associating such service with
franchises. The town that grants the
use of its highways might properly in-
crease its own income by stipulating for
the use of surplus power at low prices,
both for public enterprises and for do-
mestic service. It is believed by some
economists that we are to look along this
line for the solution of the fuel problem,
which is beginning to crowd upon us.
Notwithstanding the protest of a few
experts, we find Orton’s estimate is now
approved by best authorities, that coal
will be practically exhausted before 1950.
This; of course, does not mean that we
shall have used up all the storages in our
mines, but that coal can no longer be
furnished in sufficient quantities to meet
the growing demands of mechanical
work, transportation, fuel and light. Dr.
McGee, of Chicago, addressing the City
Club, and speaking of the deep water-
way system, now being urged upon Con-
gress for action, said that in addition to
the benefits to be expected in the way of
cheap transit, he looked for the develop-
ment of a great power available for dis-
tribution among the people. He would
have lock dams constructed that would
distribute the power, all along the route,
in such a way as to create a revenue,
and at the same time wonderfully de-
velop millions of acres now either un-
usable or burdened with the dearth of
help.

It is difficult to forecast the uses of
electricity and its possible applications
without losing ourselves in enthusiasm.
We have wholly outlived the area for
making sport of prophets. We are in-
clined to anticipate too much rather than
too little. At any rate, the farmer will
do well, for the present at least, who
plants a wood lot. The readjustment of
all our industrial life to electricity will
be neither sudden nor speedy. We are
not going to get rid of some of the more

THE INDEPENDENT

severe phases of labor. The great North-
west is threatened by fuel famine from
car shortage—and we have in sight,
neither from electricity hor otherwise, any
certain relief. We are told that. it will
take at least three years for our railroads
to equip themselves in such a way that
the farmers’ surplus can be transmitted
to market, and coal supply be insured in
return. We must be content at present
with makeshifts and be cheered by an-
ticipation.
&
Again there is the attempt
“an aa to make the public believe
that the sending of the fleet
to the Pacific was with the conscious in-
tention of stirring up the Japanese peo-
ple to angry protest and war. Of course
the noisy repetition of such assertions is
itself calculated quite as much as the de-
spatch of the fleet to excite the Japanese
by telling them they ought to get angry
with us. It is reckless fighting with fire
to spread such notions, and is most rep-
rehensible. Even more reprehensible is it
if the reason for it is in no degree pa-
triotic, but, as is evident in some cases, is
a simple expression of malice toward the
President, and of a desire to discredit him
at any risk. It is quite possible that the
President thought it would be safer, in
view of imaginable contingencies, to have
a strong fleet in the Pacific, while at the
same time expecting nothing but the most
amicable relations with Japan. That is
conceivable and not to his discredit, just
as the war departments of all nations try
to have in their bureaus plans of the forts
of nations with which they are in the
firmest concord. The sending of the fleet
is not in itself as provocative as is this
mischievous newspaper talk, nor as is the
anti-Japanese attitude of San Francisco.
We are good friends with Japan, always
have been, and the Japanese have the
right to believe that Secretary Taft was
genuine in his desire and faith for perma-
nent peace, and that is the kindly senti-
ment of the American people.

Js
Andrew J. Hedger is a Superin-
A Hero tendent of Schools of Finney

County, Kan. He has a wife,
who is an invalid, and four children. On
November 27th, 1906, he heard that
Joseph H. King and William H. Munn

EDITORIAL

were caught in a cave-in two miles away.
Running all the way to the spot he found
200 people already present. He offered
to draw lots with any of them to see who
should enter the weil. All refusing he
wrote a letter to his family with final in-
structions regarding his insurance policies
and property, and having given it to one
of the bystanders descended seventy-two
feet into the well to almost certain death.
For two hours he worked with a shovei
before he uncovered King, whom he sent
to the surface, and still he kept shoveling
until he found the dead body of Munn.
He then had only enough strength left
to tie the rope around his body and was
drawn to the surface. Last week the
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission award-
ed him a gold medal and $3,600 in cash.
The commission considers this the most
extraordinary act of heroism ever
brought to their notice. “Peace hath her
victories no less renowned than war.”

&

Mr. William Eng-
lish Walling, one of
THE INDEPEND-

Our Correspondent
in Prison

ENTS most valuable contributors, and
for two years our special correspondent
in Russia, has been arrested in St. Pe-
tersburg, together with his wife and
sister-in-law, on what precise charge is
not clear, but apparently because he has

been associating with revolutionists. As
Mr. Walling proposes to find out what-
ever he can about actual conditions in
Russia, there is little doubt that he con-
sorts with revolutionists just as he does
with bureaucrats. Tho a rich man, who
could spend his time in idleness, he de-
votes his whole life to investigating
social conditions here and abroad. We
advise the Russian Government to let
him go as_ quickly as_ possible.
They will find it a far different matter
to jail an honest and intelligent Amer-
ican citizen than some poor subject of
their own. If the bureaucracy only had
the sense to translate into Russian and
scatter broadcast among the people Mr.
Walling’s INDEPENDENT articles, what a
good thing it would be for Russia. But
tyranny takes no advice. Here are
some of the titles of Mr. Walling’s arti-
cles that have appeared in our columns.
Perhaps this imprisonment will be the
theme of another: November 2, 1905,

10t?

“The Revolution in Poland”; January
25, 1906, “The Social Revolution in
Russia”; March 15, “Moscow”; October
18, “The Peasants’ Revolution”; Decem-
ber 6, “Will the Peasants Act?”; March
7, 1907, “The Village Against the Czar”;
April 4, “Civil War in Russia”; July 4,
“The Real Russian People at Church” ;
September 26, “The Real Russian People
at Home.”
&

The “Lusitania” and the “Mauritania”
are to be beaten in size by the next Ham-
burg- American Line steamship, the
“Europa,” which is now building at Bel-
fast, and will displace 48,000 tons, as
against the 32,500 of the “Lusitania.”
We shall soon conquer seasickness, for
the big ship will ride the waves indeed.
Now we wait for the newly promised
other craft, which is to slide over the
water, instead of plowing thru it.

’
.

From the pastorate of the famous and
historical Church of the Pilgrims, in
Brooklyn, Dr. H. P. Dewey leaves this
week to go to one of the very strongest
Congregational churches in the country,
the Plymouth Church in Minneapolis.
He has done admirable service as suc-
cessor to Dr. R. S. Storrs, and is yet a

young man.
: ed

Where are our poets? Is not the in-
stantaneous transmission of messages
between the severed branches of the
Anglo-Saxon race by means of an invis-
ible, intangible medium as inspiring a
topic as a royal marriage or a bloody
battle? But we are not asking the
poems sent us.

&

Last week Henry M. Whitney, a most
honored member of President Roose-
velt’s Ananias Club, was declared the
regular nominee of the Democratic party
for Governor of Massachusetts. The
Ananias Club is not in bad odor thruout
the land.

&

Sarah Bernhardt teaches a good lesson
from the stage. She says she is an old
woman, but she has no intention of giv-
ing up work, but means to stand on the
stage as long as she lives.

Banks and Speculation

Last week’s events in Wall Street
give fresh emphasis to the sound doctrine
that banks should not be used for the
support of speculators and promoters.
Whenever a bank falls under the control
of a capitalist engaged in speculation, or
in the promotion of large projects upon
inadequate foundations, it eventually
comes to pass that he makes an improper
use of the institution’s resources. Then
there is imminent danger of great loss,

SETH M. MILLIKEN,
President of the Mercantile National Bank.

to be suffered not only by the bank’s de-
positors and stockholders, but also by the
general public, owing to depression of
the securities market and to a loss of
confidence in other banking institutions
that are truly conservative in policy. In
this instance, certain speculators, unre-
strained by a shrinkage of more than
$400,000,000 in the market value of cop-
per securities since the beginning of the
year, or by the great decline in the price
of the metal, sought to operate a corner
in the shares of a copper mining com-
pany whose president recently bought

1018

wy <
~a tat

ae €:
PRY A ABO:

control of a New York bank. The at-
tempt failed promptly and miserably, ow-
ing in part, it is believed, to the treach-
ery of one of the operators. This col-
lapse was followed by the failure of two
brokerage firms. Suspicion concerning
the bank controlled by the speculators
was naturally excited. Fortunately, an
examination by the Clearing House com-
mittee showed that it was solvent. Its
capital was not impaired, altho its de-
posits had fallen from $19,000,000 to
$11,000,000, and it still possessed a com-
fortable surplus, altho nearly half of it
was tied up in loans upon securities at
present unmarketable. These loans are
supposed to have been made in the inter-
est of the venturesome persons who have
owned the institution. The Clearing
House authorities have very properly
caused the retirement of the bank’s presi-
dent (who is also president of the cop-
per mining company) and of all its
directors, one of whom has also with-
drawn from the vice-presidencies of
three other banks and the boards of sev-
eral other financial institutions. Thus
the Clearing House Association has once
more proved its great value as a con-
servative force in times of danger. The
way has been cleared for a rehabilitation
of the Mercantile National Bank and for
a complete restoration of confidence in
the other institutions in some measure
affiiated with it.

Seth M. Milliken, senior member of
the well-known firm of Deering, Milli-
ken & Co., cotton factors, at a meeting
of the directors of this bank, was elected
president to succeed F. Augustus Heinze,
resigned. Mr. Milliken is a trustee of
the Bowery Savings Bank, a director in
the Fidelity Bank, of the bank of which
he now assumes the executive manage
ment, of the Trust Company of Amer-
ica, and of the Van Norden Trust Com-
pany, besides having very close relations
as director or trustee with numerous
manufacturing and industrial concerns
of the best class. Following the retire-
ment of Charles W. Morse as a vice-
president and director of the National
Bank of North America, and the resig-

FINANCIAL

nation of the president, Alfred H. Cur-
tis, at a meeting of the directors of this
bank, held at the home of John H. Flag-
ler, William F. Havemeyer was elected
to fill the presidential vacancy. Mr.
Havemeyer is related to Henry O. Have-
meyer, president of the American Sugar
Refining Company, and is a diréctor in
the following corporations: Corn Ex-
change Bank, National Bank of North
America, Nineteenth Ward Bank, Van
Norden Trust Company, Colorado East-
ern Railway, Queens County Safe De-
posit Company, Union Ferry Company,
Title Insurance Company of New York,
Van Norden Safe Deposit Company,
Century Realty Company, Chelsea
Realty Company and New York Mort-
gage and Security Company.

Saturday’s weekly statement showed that
the Association banks are in an excep-
tionally strong position. This should in-
spire confidence. It is unfortunate that
this affair should have caused a consid-
erable decline of stocks, but this is usu-
ally the result of such a violation of
sound banking policy. The conservative
banking. interests of New York should
not be satisfied with intervening at a
crisis to prevent disaster; they should
strive earnestly to discourage at an ear-
lier date the acquisition and use of banks
by speculators and the promoters of
doubtful projects.

Js
Fifty Years of Banking in
Chicago

In commemoration of its fiftieth anni-
versary and half century of public ser-
vice, the Merchants’ Loan and Trust
Company, the oldest existing bank in
Chicago, has just issued a very at-
tractive book entitled “Fifty Years of
Banking in Chicago,” with text by Wil-
liam Hudson Harper and Charles H.
Ravell. The volume, which is an excel-
lent example of modern bookmaking, is
first concerned with a description of the
Merchants’ Loan and Trust Company as
it is today. The organization of the
bank is modern in every particular, and
its directors, according to the book,
actually direct, which shows that bank-
ing in Chicago has certainly progressed
much more than it has in some places

wd

1019

further East. Well executed half-tone
cuts of the bank’s directors, former di-
rectors, its officers and long-time em-
ployees adorn the book’s pages. Its va-
rious departments are tabulated, and the
plan and scope of each are clearly set
forth. The origin and early history of
the Merchants’ Loan and Trust Com-
pany is given a conspicuous, but very
appropriate, place in the volume, which
must be particularly interesting to the
patrons of the bank. The book closes
with a survey of early banking in
Illinois, when banking consisted in bar-
ter. A number of well-executed etch-
ings find places in this volume.

....The United States Trust Com-
pany, of which Edward W. Sheldon is

WILLIAM F. HAVEMEYER,
President of the National Bank of North America.

president and William M. Kingsley sec-
ond vice - president, has elected as first
vice-president John Crosby Brown, head
of the banking house of Brown Brothers
& Co., in place of D. Willis James, de-
ceased. The capital of the United States
Trust Company is $2,000,000; the sur-
plus and undivided profits are $13,557,-
815, and the total resources are $75,-
683,473.

....Notice is given to the holders of
North Carolina bonds by the committee,
of which John G. Carlisle is chairman and

(Continued on page 1020.)

Insurance

The Pinkertons and the American
Bankers’ Association

THE annual report of Pinkerton’s Na-
tional Detective Agency for 1907 to the
American Bankers’ Association is an in-
teresting document. Notwithstanding
the fact that the membership of the asso-
ciation has increased about g00 members
since the preceding report, there have
been fewer crimes in proportion perpe-
trated against members than for any year
since the protective work wasinaugurated.
The efforts of the association to which
the Pinkerton’s report, are exclusively di-
rected against professional thieves, forg-
ers, burglars and swindlers. The follow--
ing table shows something of the work
done by the Pinkertons and the Ameri-
can Bankers’ Association working to-
gether :

Burglars

~ = Arrested since

mt COW Sept. 1, 1906.

Sneak thieves
Forgers
Forgers

The following law, previously recom-
mended for enactment in the several
States, has received considerable atten-
tion, viz. :

“Burglary with Explosives—A person who,
with intent to commit burglary, breaks and
enters, in the night time, a building, and com-
mits a burglary by the use of nitro-glycerine,
dynamite, gunpowder, or any other high ex-
plosive, is guilt of burglary with explosives.

“Burglary with Exposives—How Punished
—Burglary with explosives is punishable by
imprisonment in State Prison for not less
than twenty-five years and not more than
forty years.”

The efforts put forth in favor of this
law have now resulted in the taking of
favorable action along the line of the
proposed legislation, and five States have
enacted this law, with the penalty as fol-
lows:

1020

Colorado. . Law passed. . Punishment 35 to 40 years.

Kansas. ... ‘ en " ot less than 25
years.

25 to 40 years.

No

Maryland..
t less than 25

Missouri...

years.
Nebraska. .

20 years to life
imprisonment.

THE Illinois Insurance Department in
a recent ruling holds that the use of spe-
cial agency contracts and board schemes,
as well as the sale of stock in agency or
insurance companies as inducements to
the taking out of life insurance, is
against the law. A number of companies
operating in Chicago are affected by the
ruling. An effort will be made to have
this ruling changed, but in the meantime
the offering of company or agency stock
to prospective insurers as an inducement
to take out policies of insurance will be
regarded by the department as a viola-
tion of the anti-rebate law. The above

°
s
ee
3
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-
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=
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Indeterminate
term.

m O63 © Specific terms.

Ub Convicted.

© ONTO Released.
= COOwnN Awaiting trial.

_

19
22

14
12

- ™ © © 0000 Months.
Or 0000 Recaptured.

8S ua Db Sentenced.
oumohh DN

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b= 0 On O Escaped.
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“NI

ruling would, however, not prevent an
insurance company from selling its stock
to a policy-holder as an independent
proposition, disassociated from the sale
of insurance. The action taken by the
State of Illinois is in line with similar
action previously taken by twenty-two
out of thirty States in which the anti-
rebate law is in force.

_ (Continued from page 1019.)
Edward L. Andrews counsel, that ar-
rangements for the enforcement and con-
sequent refunding of these securities have
been made, and that the bonds, under the
agreement of March 29th, 1905, should
be deposited, on or before November 1st,
with the United States Trust Company,
at 45 Wall street, .

THE INDEPENDENT

WE OFFER, SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE, THE FOLLOWING

SAFE AND REMUNERATIVE

Investments, consisting of blocks of bond issues, most of which have been
tested by time and by the stringent requirements of our “ Serial Plan.”

$50,000 VULCAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY.

Total issue $140,000: Secured on modern steel lake steamship which cost $280,000.
We are unable to find a single record of default in either principal or interest on
bonds secured by steel vessels on the Great Lakes.

Circular No. 608R. Price to net 5%.

$10,000 COEUR D'ALENE @ SPOKANE RAILWAY COMPANY, Ltd.

Total issue $500,000: Secured on all the properties of the Company, including 34
miles of main track, built at a cost of $27,000 per mile and bonded at the very con-
servative rate of $14,700 per mile. Earnings amount to many times the interest
charges of this bond issue.

Circular No. 522R. Price to net 5%.

$10,000 CALIFORNIA-WESTERN RAILROAD @ NAVIGATION COMPANY.

Original issue $445,000: Already paid off under our serial plan, $41,000. Security
consisting of timber lands, railroad, wharf and equipment, conservatively valued at
$1,457,000. Payment of principal and interest guaranteed by $5,000,000 corporation.
Circular No. 605R. Price to net 514%.

$100,000 J. I. CASE THRESHING MACHINE COMPANY.

Total issue $3,500,000: Total assets of Company about $12,000,000. Average an-
nual income for the last five years $887,900. The company has pledged to the
Trustee as additional collateral, good secured notes and bills receivable equal to
one and one-half times the amount of the bonded debt.

Circular No. 600R. Price to net 51%4%.

$30,000 ILLINOIS MIDLAND COAL COMPANY.

Total issue $800,000: Secured by operating coal mines and over 40,000 acres of
“No. 5 Illinois Vein” coal, valued conservatively at $2,600,000. Company has ten
year contract for sale of large portion of its product to Chicago Edison Co.,
Commonwealth Electric Co., and Peabody Coal Co. at an assured profit. Sinking
fund of 5 cents per ton on basis of tonnage owned is sufficient to pay off the bonded
debt 12 times over.

Circular No. 578R. Price to net 6%.

$20,000 WELLMAN-SEAVER-MORGAN COMPANY.

Original issue $1,100,000: Already paid off under our serial plan, $140,000. The
company’s net assets have been* valued at about 3% times the amount of the bonds.
Circular No. 553R Price to net 6%.
$25,000 SOUTH CHICAGO LAND AND DOCKS.
Total issue $225,000: Secured on about 4o acres of dock property on the 20-foot
channel of the Calumet River, valued by us at over $600,000. Payment of interest
and taxes protected by deposit with the Trustee of high-grade listed railroad bonds.
Circular No. 602R. Price to net 6%.
$50,000 CLEVELAND FURNACE COMPANY.
Total issue $900,000: Secured on all the properties of the Company, whose net
assets to secure this bond issue are $2,732,000. Earnings for the past year, with
only half the Company’s plant in operation, were $452,261, or over six times the
average annual requirement for both principal and interest. .
Circular No. 604R. Price to net 6%.

Circulars and full information supplied promptly on request.

Peabody, Houghteling & Co.

(Established 1865)

181 La Salle Street, Chicago

THE INDEPENDENT

OBITUARY

TAYLOR—At Clinton, N. Y., Sunday, October 13, 1907,
the Rev. James Henry Taylor, in the 7oth year of his
age.

The Rev. James Henry Taylor, who was pastor of
Brick Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J., from
1863 to 1868, died on Sunday, October 13th at Clinton,
N. Y., after a lingering illness of six weeks. Mr. Taylor
was born in Ballston Spa, N. Y., January 3, 1829, of
good old New England stock. General Longley, General
William T. Sherman and John Sherman were relatives
on his father’s side and Charles Dudley and George H.
Warner on his mother’s side. At the age of twelve
young James became interested in religious things and
he united with the Presbyterian Church at the age of
thirteen. Then it was that he began to lean toward

the ministry as his chosen life work. His youth was
passed with his father in farming. He studied at Bow-
doin College and was graduated there in 1856. From
college he went to the Union Theological Seminary, teaci-
ing in private schools and doing missionary work all
thru his course there. He was graduated from this in-
stitution in 1859. His first charge was a Presbyterian
church in New Rochelle, N. Y., to which place he was
called before his course in theology had been completed.
He was married in October, 1859, to Miss Frances
Caroline Hutchings of the Province of New Brunswick,
sometime one of his pupils during the school-teaching
days of his college course. From New Rochelle Mr.
Taylor went to the Bay of Fundy and spent a year among
the codfishermen there in mission work. He was then
called to East Orange, N. J. After five years there he
went to a mew church in Lake Forest, a suburb of Chi-
cago. Here he helped to organize the University of
Lake Forest. After eight years of service there he went
to Rome, beginning work there in 1876. He continued
to be active in this city until 1900, when nearing his
seventieth birthday he resigned his pastorate and with-
drew from pastoral work altogether. He then took up
his residence at Clinton, N. Y., preaching occasionally
as a supply. Dr. —— was prominent in the councils
of the Presbytery e went abroad in 1855 and trav-
eled extensively in Scotland and Switzerland. He was
a fine scholar and a most interesting and able pulpit
orator. His writings on religious and other themes were
frequently published in the New York Evangelist and in
TE INDEPENDENT. His poetry: while ephemeral, was
musical and sympathetic. r. Taylor attracted wide at-
tention by his rs enthusiasm over Northern victories,
in celebration of which he was accustomed to personally
ring his own church bell after having shouted along the
street “Another Union Victory!” Dr. Taylor is survived
by seven children, as follows: Prof. Robert L. Taylor of
Dartmouth College; Helen W. Taylor, James H. Taylor,
ye Clinton, N. Y.; Dr. Stephen L. Taylor,

Brooklyn,
- ¥.; Mrs, Alfred A. Moore, Princeton, N. J.; Mrs.

Thomas J. G. George, Englewood, N. J., and Mrs. Ernst
O. Heyl, Chicago, TL scaling oe

HOTEL GROSVENOR

One of the most attractive of the down town hotels in
New York is the Hotel Grosvenor, situated. at the cor-
ner of Fifth Avenue and Tenth Street. It is near
Werknaien Square, which for so many years has been
regarded as one of the exclusive residence sections of
New York. The Hotel Grosvenor caters, therefore, to
the patronage of the highest class and offers a perma-
nent residence which cannot fail to be most attractive.
There are apartments with three rooms with bath and
other apartments of four rooms with two baths, which
may be leased by the year. Apartments may be taken
for a longer or shorter period as desired. Under the
management of William H. Purdy the Hotel Grosvenor
— in Me front rank of the leading prominent hotels
° e city.

A GOOD LOW-PRICED TYPEWRITER

In former years there was a well-nigh universal im-
ression abroad that any typewriter which could. be

ught for less than $100 was practically worthless, or
at best a cheap and shortlived machine. That this im-
pression has become dissipated is largely due to the en-
trance into the field of the Blickensderfer, which, for
more than twelve years, has been forging to the front as
a practical low-priced writing machine. mong the many
good points, aside from the price, which have commended
themselves to the thousands of Blickensderfer users are

A MAGNIFICENT ORGAN

Visitors to the Wanamaker Building in this city are
frequently surprised on entering to be greeted by the full,
rich tones of an organ, which seem to fill the whole
place. They find, upon investigation, that the music
comes from the great four-manual Symphony Automatic
Organ which was built especially for the Wanamaker
Auditorium by the Austin Organ Comaeng of Hartford,
Conn. It is really six separate organs, all of them_hid-
den by the decorative grill work that covers the front
and rear walls of the auditorium. This instrument is
unique, containing, as it does, many features which have
never appeared in any other organ. It is the largest
symphony organ ever built by the Austin Organ Company °
and no money was spared to make it the most perf2ct
and versatile organ yet produced. In fact, the chamber
organs built by the Austin Organ Company probably hav:
no superiors. Special care is taken in their construction
to secure, in addition to the dignity of the organ tone,
the warmth and brilliancy which make the effect boti:
solid and artistic. These organs are giving complctc
satisfaction and are found in many large private estab-
lishments. A detailed description of these and other
organs will be furnished to any one interested upon a)-
plication to the Austin Organ mpany, Hartford, Conn.

FALL HUNTING AND FISHING

We are coming more and more to a realization of the
truth of the statement that it is not all of life to live.
Recreation plays a part in all well-regulated schemes of
life and in hunting and ang there is a charm that is
not to be found in crdinary life occupations. Most of
us think more of recreation and the need of outdoor
life than used to be the case, and men and women alike
now, enjoy the delights and zest of whipping the lakes
and streams in the fragrant, pathless woods or of trail-
ing deer or moose through the forests. Those who do not
care to hunt the wild animals or their kindred may turn
their attention to photographic game and fill their films
or negatives with “snaps” or “times” while the followers
of Nimrod fill their game bags. No finer hunting grounds
can be found in a game sense or in a photographic
sense than in the New England District, Canada and the
Maritime Provinces, of which the Boston and Maine
Railroad is a feeder. The Rangeley Lakes Country, in
+ Eastern and Northern Maine, round and about New
Hampshire, the Moosehead Lake section, the Aroostook
region, in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and other
points reached by the B. & M. RR., are hunting and fish-
ing possibilities that are full of multiplied charms. Hv
for the woods and ho for the streams and ho for the

at outdoors! For descriptive booklets address the

meral Passenger Department of the Boston & Maine
RR. at Boston, Mass.

DIVIDENDS ANNOUNCED

United States Express Co., semi-annual,
$3.00 per share, payable Nov. 15, 1907.

sore e1& 2 DrISAACTHOMPSONS FYE WATER

—S ™

ee Bg i ee ee el

THE INDEPENDENT

—tH—,

Mutual Life
Insurance Co.
OF BOSTON

Assets Dec. 31, 1906 . $42,732,849.12
Liabilities . e - 38,365.243.17
Surplus 3 6:2 4,367,605.95

STEPHEN H. RHODES
President

ROLAND 0. LAMB

Vice-President

New York Office, St. Paul Building
GEORGE L. STIMMEL, General Agent

OLD SOAKERS

Get Saturated With Caffeine.

When a person has used coffee for a number
of years and gradually declined in health, it is
time the coffee should be left off in order to
see whether or not that has been the cause of
the trouble.

A lady in Huntsville, Ala., says she used coffee
for about 40 years, and for the past 20 years
has had severe stomach trouble. “I have been
treated by many physicians but all in vain.
Everything failed to give relief. Was prostrated
for some time, and came near dying. When I
recovered sufficiently to partake of food and
drink I tried coffee again and it soured on my
stomach.

“I finally concluded that coffee was the cause
of my troubles and stopped using it. I tried tea
in its place and then milk, but neither agreed
with me; then I commenced using: Postum, had
it properly made and it was very pleasing to the
taste.

“I have now used it four months, and my
health is so greatly improved that I can eat al-
most anything I want and can sleep well, where-
as, before, I suffered for years with insomnia.

“IT have found the cause of my troubles and a
way to get rid of them. You can depend upon
it I appreciate Postum.” “There’s a Reason.”
Read “The Road to Wellville,” in pkgs.

= @ ieee
000

JABAY

“i.

40th Annual Statement
January 1, 1907

The HARTFORD was the Pioneer Company in the field of Steam
Boiler Insurance, and it is the only company which makes a specialty of
and does exclusively a steam boiler ‘nspection and insurance business.

The HARTFORD is the only company whose entire talent and energies
are applied to the study of steam, to the scientific ccnstruction and _ instal-
lation of boilcrs, and to their periodical inspection by expert mechanics.

The HARTFORD is the only company whose entire assets and re-
sources are held exclusively for the protection of steam users, and the pay-
ment of losses occasioned by the explosion of steam boilers and for no
other hazard whatsoever. ‘

The HARTFORD is now doing nearly nine-tenths of the Inspection
and Insurance of Steam Boilers in the New England States, and nearly
two-thirds of the entire amount done throughout the United States.

L, - + $500,000.00
URPLUS, 1,485,457 73

ASSETS, 3,978,245.71

Ss e L. B. BRAINERD, Pres. and Treas. J. B. PIERCE, Secretary.
RESERVES, . 1,992,787.98 F. B. ALLEN, Vice-President.

L. F. MIDDLEBROOK, Asst. Sec.

TO THE PRESS AND PUBLIC:

26 Broadway, New York, Sept. 26, 1907

In view of the numerous false, misleading and injurious statements daily
scattered broadcast as the expression of a “representative of the Standard Oi
Company” or as emanating from some such anonymous source, the press and
public are respectfully notified that no credit whatever should be given to any
statement regarding the Standard Oil Company’s views or intentions unless the
same be signed by an executive official of the company or by its designated at-

torneys.

J. D. ARCHBOLD, Vice-President

|
|
|

x

THE INDEPENDENT

Cut this out and preserve for reference or post"on
the bulletin board of the reading-room.

The Hwependent

BOOK LIST No. 17.
Forestry

It is only comparatively recently that we in this coun-
try begun to realize the importance of properly caring
for our forests. But we have already a not inconsider-
able literature on the subject. Government reports (Bul-
letins of the Forestry Division of Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, free or at low cost), periodicals
(Forestry and Irrigation, Washington, .$1.00 a year, or-
an of the American Forestry Association; the Forestry
uarterly, which Cornell University recently began to
issue), treatises on forestry, lectures and articles de-
signed to arouse public interest, monographs on indi-
vidual trees, such as the one published as the result of
extensive investigations at Biltmore, the estate of George
W. Vanderbilt, and the papers and reports of schools of
forestry abroad and here, and of State foresters. The
following list includes only American publications:

A Primer of Forestry. By Gifford Pinchot.
2 vols., each 544x7 inches, 88 pages. Illustrated.
Published by the Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 1903 and. 1905. Part I (35
cents) describes the forest, the structure of trees
and the forest’s enemies; Part II (30 cents)
deals with the practice of forestry and work in
the woods. Concise, untechnical and interesting.

Timber Supply of the United States. By
R. S. Kellogg. (U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Forest Service Bulletin No. 97.) Free. An
astonishing statemént of the rate at which the
forests of the U. S. are being consumed.

A First Book of Forestry. By Filibert Roth.
Boston: Ginn & Co. 75 cents. Written primarily
for children, conversational style. Forest life,
forest methods and the handling of wood lots.

Outlines of Forestry. A series of primers of
forestry. By Edwin J Houston. Size §x7%
inches, 254 pp., indexed. Philadelphia: J. B.
Lippincott Co. 1893. $1.00. Tells in simple
non-technical language the effects which follow
the unsystematic cutting down of trees.

Practical Forestry. By John Gifford, Prof.
of Forestry, Cornell. Size 5x7%4 inches, 284 pp;
indexed and illustrated. New York: D. Appleton
& Co. 1902. $1.50. It treats at length of forests
as agents in modifying the surface of the earth,
of their geographical distribution, of their forma-
tion and their industrial importance.

Our Native Trees and How to Identify
Them. By Harriet L. Keeler. Size 51%4x8 in-
ches, 533 pp. [Illustrated and indexed. New
York: Scribner. 1905. $2.00. One of the
best books descriptive of the trees of the greater
portion of the United States. 172 halftone illus-
trations and sketches of leaves, fruits and trunks.

Handbook of the Trees of the Northern
States and Canada, East of the Rocky Moun-
tains. By Romayn Beck Hough. 1907. Low-
ville, N. Y.: R. B. Hough. $8. “The most recent,
thoro and: authoritative work on the subject.

Economics of Forestry. By Bernhard E.
Fernow. Size 8x6 inches, 520 pp. New York:
Crowell & Co. 1902. $1.50. This volume treats
of forests and forestry from the standpoint of

political economy, and is designed to furnish a
trustworthy basis for formulating public policy.

North American Forests and Fo . By
Ernest Bruncken. Size 534x 8% inches, 205 pp.,
indexed. New York: P. Putnam’s Sons.
1900. $1.00. An attempt to show the relations
of the forests to our national life.

Report on Forests of New Josves- Size
53%4x9 inches, 327 pp., illustrate A special
report published as part of the annual report ot
the State Geologist for 1899.

Wood. A Manual of the Natural History and
Industrial Applications of the Timbers of Com-
merce. By G. S. Boulger. Size 5x 7% inches,
360 pp., indexed and illustrated. New York:
Longmans, Green & Co. 1902. $2.60. Describes
structure, defects, seasoning, durability and uses
of woods, with an alphabetical list of the various
commercial woods of the world.

The Economic Importance of Forestry. By
O. W. Price. (Popular Science Monthly, vol. 62,
1903, Pp. 310-315.)

German and American Forestry Methods.
By Guenther Thomas. (Forum, Jan. 1905, pp.
458-466.) Shows the importance of scientific
methods applied to forestry and contrasts the
work of the two countries. Brief but interesting.

Forest Reserves. By W. B. Heybrun. (Tue
INDEPENDENT, vol. 22, 1906, pp. 667-671.) Edi-
torially in the same number, the strictures of the
Senator from Idaho upon the viciousness of the
system of forest reserves are shown to be some-
what beside the mark.

The Long-Lived Hardy Evergreens. By
T. D. Hatfield. (Country Life in America, Jan.
1907, pp. 308-311.) A most interesting account
of me only trees which are beautiful all the year
round.

Fifty Years Ago.
From @he Independent, of Oct. 22, 1857.

Letters on Art. The exhibition of English pic-
tures now open in Tenth street will prove, we
hope, the foundation of a permanent annual in-
ternational art exchange. . .. We go at once to
the pre-Raphaelite pictures, which deserve that
preference by their earnestness of intention. No.
89, “The Light of the World,” by Holman Hunt.
The picture is full of thought, symbolism and of
requisite detail. There is in it, moreover, a dis-
tinct and vital conception of divine humanity,
almost Buried under the treatment of the sub-
ject. . . . There is a magical effect of light
upon and around the head, which kindles the im-
agination more effectually than any symbol in
the picture.

e “Prisoner of Chillon,” No. 27, is a revolt-
ing but strong drawing. Madox Brown seems to
have imagination and power of expression with-
out feeling of high character, and without large-
ness of thought. His pictures here will not lift,
although they may move us.

Mr. Ruskin has given us in No. 155 a laborious
account of the color and varied form of a block
of gneiss, but the rockiness, the shadow, and the
average, or aS we say, natural aspect of the ob-
ject in its relations, has escaped him.

“NE

=e

THE INDEPENDENT . xi

fewis® @oncER |

The Largest and
Best Eauipped

HOUSEFURNISHING WAREROOMS

BEST QUALITY ONLY
Cutlery, Cooking Utensils, Crockery, China and Glass,
Fire Sets, Andirons and Fenders, House-cleaning
Articles.
EDDY REFRIGERATORS
Our Standard for a Quarter of a Century.
THE ‘‘PREMIER’’
Glass-Lined Refrigerator, perfection of cleanliness
and economy.
Orders by mail receive prompt and careful attention,
130 and 132 WEST FORTY-SECOND STREET and
135 WEST FORTY-FIRST STREET. NEW YORK

sore €V23 Dr SAACTHoMPSONS FYE WATER:

The Metropolitan Life

Insurance Company pays
more than three hundred and sixty-
five claims every day thruout the
year. The magnitude of the Com-
pany’s business is thus strikingly
suggested. During 1906 the
Metropolitan wrote more insur-
ance than any other company in the
world, and it has done this for 13
consecutive years. Public patronage
implies public confidence.

Wright’s Health Underwear
differs from common underwear in
that it protects the wearer from
catching colds. It is made, as no
other underwear is, on the wonderful
Wright's loop-fleece principle. Upon
the foundation fabric is woven a
myriad of tiny loops of wool forming
a fleecy lining tothe garment. This
open woven fleece gives the skin the
requisite ventilation, allows the pores
to breathe, carries off perspiration
and allows it to evaporate outside,
leaving the skin dry and healthy.

costs no more than common under-
wear. Ask your dealer for it

write for free book, “The Loop of
Health and the Fleece of Comfort.”

WRIGHT’S HEALTH UNDERWEAR CO.,
75 Franklin Street, New York.

THE HALL SIGNAL COMPANY
THIRTY-FIRST beat DIVIDEND, COMMON

September 80th, 1907.
A greet dividend of ONE AND ONE-QUARTER PER
CENT. (14%) u the common stock of this Company
has been declared, payable October ist, 1907, to stock-
holders of record at the close of business September 30th.
ROBERT K. WALLER, Secretary.

UNITED STATES EXPRESS COMPANY

New York, October 17th, 1907.
148TH DIVIDEND.
A Semi-annual Dividend of Three Dollars per share has
been declared payable November 15th, 1907.
Transfer Books will be closed November ist to Novem-
ber 15th, 1907, both days included.
EDWARD T. PLATT, Treasurer.

The Middlesex Banking Company

OF MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT
Chartered 1872
EXAMINED BY STATE COMMISSIONER

Assets, over $6,000,000
Capital Stock, $338,400
Surplus, . . $236,500

5 per cent. Debentures and First Mortgages upon Real Estate; nearly $40,000,000 sold during over thirty
years’ business without loss or delay to investors. Send for information.

THE WISCONSIN ASSOCIATION (copuated)

MADISON, WISCONSIN

12 per cent., 3 per cent. quarterly, October, January, April and July.
Preferred shares $10 each. Subscriptions limited to 50 shares by any one

personin one year. Send for information.

CAPITAL STOCK, $60,000
$20,000 PREFERRED
$40,000 COMMON

TO THE]/ HOLDERS OF

Pennsylvania Co. 4/4, % Collateral Improvement Notes
DUE NOVEMBER ist, 1907

The undersigned are prepared to purchase at par and accrued interest to date of delivery, all or any
part of $10,000,000 of the above Notes. Holders desiring ‘to avail themselves of this offer should

romptly present their Notes at the office of the undersigned.

NEW York, OCTOBER 16, 1907.

eT

KUHN, LOEB & CO.

k
t

RAS TOT WEE AS OG

Rare

xii

THE INDEPENDENT

great mass of bondholders.
ment of March 2oth, with
PANY, No. 45

November Ist, prox.

1905,

The Morton, Bliss & Co. Certificates, representing bonds deposited with
the United States Trust Company, should be exchanged for Certificates of this

Committee.
EDWARD L. ANDREWS, Counsel

‘NORTH CAROLINA BONDS

The Committee have made arrangements for the enforcement and conse- -
quent refunding of the above securities. ,
These arrangements can be carried out only by the co-operation of the

Holders are therefore notified to deposit their bonds, under the Agree-
the UNITED STATES TRUST COM-
WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY, on or before

‘\

JOHN G. CARLISLE,
HENRY H. MELVILLE, | Committee
L. E. WHICHER,

STATE MUTUAL

LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY
OF WORCESTER, MASS

A. G. BULLOCK, - President

$29,138,062.19
26,318,347.00

$2.819,715.19
guar-

SURPLUS (Massachusetts Standard).:. _
Cash surrender values stated in every policy, an
anteed by the Massachusetts Non-Forfeiture law.

NEW YORK OFFICE, 220 BROADWAY
C. W. ANDERSON & SON, Gen. Agents.

1907 FIRE INSURANCE 1907

National +! Hartford
CONNECTICUIT

Statement, January 1, 1907

Capital Stock all Cash

Re-Insurance Reserve

Unsettled Losses and other claims os 966,708 71
Net Surplus ° 1,228,441 74

Total Assets, January 1, 1907 $7,076,852 51
JAMES NICHOISA, President.
H. A. SMITH, Vice-President.
B. R. STILLMAN, Secretary.
G. H. TRYON, Asst. Secretary.

Regular Incomes
From New York Real Estate

The New York Realty Owners Company has paid
regular incomes to..hundreds of individuals for over
twelve years,

Rents and profits from sales have produced cash divi-
dends; increased values of properties have given greater
worth to the Shares of the Company, showing business
profits equal to 12% or more annually. Over 13,000
checks representing nearly a million dollars ($1,000,-
ooo) paid for interest and dividends, with accumulated
assets of over $2,006,000, are the results of this business.

You may share in this business and receive

SIX PER CENT. GUARANTEED

on sams of from $100 to $10,000 with absolute security
—greater far than che ordinary mcrtgage—or you can
sécure the full business profits derived from the business
of holding real estate like the Astor family. HUN-
DREDS of satisfied shareowners are the Company’s best
endorsers. Let us show you what they say. Write for

New York
Realty Owners Co.,
489 Fifth Ave., N. Y.

Hitlantic Mutual
Insurance Company

ATLANTIC BUILDING, 61 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

insures Against Marine and Inland Transportation
Risk and will Issue Policies Making Loss Pay-
able in Europe and Oriental Countries

Chartered by the State of New York in 1842,

was preceded by a stock weneany of a similar
name. The latter company was liquidated and part
of its capital, to the extent of $100,000, was used,
with consent of the stockholders, by the Atlantic
Mutual Insurance Company and repaid, with 2
bonus and interest, at the expiration of two years.
During its existence the company

has insured property to the value

of F $21,108,343,494
Received premiums thereon to the

extent o
Paid losses during that period....
Issued certificates of profits to

dealers 81,310,840
Of which there have been redeemed 73,744,440
Leaving outstanding at present time 7,506,400
Interest paid on certificates

19,469,981

amounts to
On December 31, 1906, the assets
of the company amounted to... 12,797,823 72
The profits of the company revert to the as-
sured and are divided annually upon the premiums
terminated during the year, thereby reducing the
cost of insurance.
_ For such dividends, certificates are issued sub-
ject to dividends of interest until ordered to be
redeemed, in accordance with the charter.
ANTON A. RAVEN, President.
CORNELIUS ELDERT; Vice-President.
AS. L. LIVINGSTON, Second Vice-President.
ANFORD E. COBB, Third Vice-President.
CHARLES E. FAY, Fourth Vice-President.
% G. STANTON FLOYD-JONES, Secretary.

224,197,211
127,760,071